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Transcript
Oceanography Chapter 12 PPT Outline Miss. A. Gosselin Marine Life and the Marine Environment Chapter Overview • There are more than _____________________________ identified marine species. • Most live in _________________________________________. • A species’ success depends on the ability to – __________________________________________, – ___________________________________________, – __________________________________, and – cope with physical barriers to movement. • Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties. Classification of Life • Three domains – _______________________________________ – _______________________________________ – ________________________________________ Classification of Living Organisms • Five kingdoms – ________________________________________ – _________________________________________ – __________________________________________ – _________________________________________ – ___________________________________________ Five Kingdoms of Organisms • _______________________ – Simplest organisms, single-celled – Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea • _____________________ – Single- and multicelled with nucleus – Algae, protozoa • _____________________ – Mold, lichen • _______________________ – Multicelled photosynthetic plants – Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses • ______________________ – Multicelled animals – Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates Taxonomic Classification • ______________________________________ – 1758 – Developed basis of modern classification of organisms • __________________________ – systematic classification of organisms – ____________________________________ – _____________________________________ • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species – Fundamental unit – Population of genetically similar, interbreeding individuals Classification of Marine Organisms • __________________________________ (floaters) • _____________________________________ (swimmers) • ____________________________________ (bottom dwellers) Types of Plankton • Most____________________ on Earth consists of ________________________________ • Phytoplankton – ___________________________ • Zooplankton – __________________________ • Bacterioplankton • Virioplankton • ___________________________ – Entire lives as plankton • ____________________________ – Part of lives as plankton – Juvenile or larval stages • _______________________________ – Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum • ______________________________ – Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton Life Cycle of a Squid ___________________________ • Independent swimmers • Most adult fish and squid • Marine mammals • Marine reptiles ___________________________ • ____________________________ live on the surface of the sea floor. • ___________________________ live buried in sediments. • ____________________________ swim or crawl through water above the seafloor. • Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. • Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness. Hydrothermal Vent Communities • Abundant and large deep-ocean benthos • Discovered in 1977 • Associated with ________________________________ • Bacteria-like archaeon produce food using ____________________________________. Number of Marine Species • More______________________ species than ___________________species • Ocean has relatively _________________________________ • Less adaptation required, less speciation • Marine species overwhelmingly benthic (98%) rather than pelagic (2%) Adaptations of Marine Organisms • The marine environment is more ___________________________ than land. • Organisms in the ocean are less able to withstand ___________________________________________________________. • Marine animals do not risk desiccation. • • • Physical support – __________________________ – How to resist sinking – Different support structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more appendages) seawater – Smaller size High surface area to volume ratio – Unusual appendages to increase surface area _________________________ in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy Viscosity and Streamlining Adaptations • Streamlining important for _______________________________organisms • Less resistance to fluid flow • Flattened body • Tapering back end Temperature and Marine Life • Narrow range of temperature in oceans • Smaller variations (daily, seasonally, annually) • Deep ocean is nearly_________________________________ Ocean Temperature • More stable than land for four reasons – Higher ______________________________ of water – Ocean warming reduced by__________________________________ – ___________________________ penetrates deeply into ocean layers – Ocean mixing Cold vs. Warm Water Species • ____________________________ in cooler seawater • More_____________________________ in warmer seawater • Tropical organisms __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ • More species in ____________________________________________ • More biomass in cooler seawater (upwelling) Temperature and Marine Organisms • ______________________________________ – Organisms withstand small variation in temperature – Typically live in open ocean • _____________________________________ – Organisms withstand large variation in temperature – Typically live in coastal waters Salinity and Marine Organisms • ______________________________ – Organisms withstand only small variation in_________________________ – Typically live in ____________________________________ • Euryhaline – Organisms withstand large variation in _______________________________ – Typically live ________________________________________, e.g., estuaries Salinity Adaptations • Extracting minerals from___________________________________ • High concentration to low concentration – _______________________________ – ____________________________ permeable to nutrients, – Waste passes from cell to ocean Osmosis • Water molecules move from__________________ concentrated to __________________ concentrated solutions • Osmotic pressure – In more concentrated solutions – Prevents ______________________________________________ • Isotonic • Hypertonic • Hypotonic Marine Vs. Freshwater Fish Dissolved Gases • Animals extract dissolved oxygen (O2) from seawater through ________________ • Gills exchange ______________________________________________________ directly with seawater. • Low marine oxygen levels can ________________________________________. • Gill structure and location varies among animals. Water’s Transparency • Many marine organisms _____________________________ • Some marine organisms are nearly_________________________________. – Elude predators – Stalk prey – Adaptations to Marine Environment • Camouflage through _______________________________ • ______________________________________ – dark on top, light on bottom • _____________________________________________ – large bold patterns, contrasting colors make animal blend into background