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Oceanography
Chapter 12 PPT Outline
Miss. A. Gosselin
Marine Life and the Marine Environment
Chapter Overview
• There are more than _____________________________ identified marine
species.
• Most live in _________________________________________.
• A species’ success depends on the ability to
– __________________________________________,
– ___________________________________________,
– __________________________________, and
– cope with physical barriers to movement.
• Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties.
Classification of Life
• Three domains
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– ________________________________________
Classification of Living Organisms
• Five kingdoms
– ________________________________________
– _________________________________________
– __________________________________________
– _________________________________________
– ___________________________________________
Five Kingdoms of Organisms
• _______________________
– Simplest organisms, single-celled
– Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea
• _____________________
– Single- and multicelled with nucleus
– Algae, protozoa
• _____________________
– Mold, lichen
• _______________________
– Multicelled photosynthetic plants
– Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses
• ______________________
– Multicelled animals
– Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates
Taxonomic Classification
• ______________________________________ – 1758
– Developed basis of modern classification of organisms
• __________________________ – systematic classification of organisms
– ____________________________________
– _____________________________________
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
– Fundamental unit
– Population of genetically similar, interbreeding individuals
Classification of Marine Organisms
• __________________________________ (floaters)
• _____________________________________ (swimmers)
• ____________________________________ (bottom dwellers)
Types of Plankton
• Most____________________ on Earth consists of
________________________________
• Phytoplankton
– ___________________________
• Zooplankton
– __________________________
• Bacterioplankton
• Virioplankton
• ___________________________
– Entire lives as plankton
• ____________________________
– Part of lives as plankton
– Juvenile or larval stages
• _______________________________
– Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum
• ______________________________
– Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton
Life Cycle of a Squid
___________________________
• Independent swimmers
• Most adult fish and squid
• Marine mammals
• Marine reptiles
___________________________
• ____________________________ live on the surface of the sea floor.
• ___________________________ live buried in sediments.
• ____________________________ swim or crawl through water above the
seafloor.
• Benthos are most abundant in shallower water.
• Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.
Hydrothermal Vent Communities
• Abundant and large deep-ocean benthos
• Discovered in 1977
• Associated with ________________________________
• Bacteria-like archaeon produce food using
____________________________________.
Number of Marine Species
• More______________________ species than ___________________species
• Ocean has relatively _________________________________
• Less adaptation required, less speciation
• Marine species overwhelmingly benthic (98%) rather than pelagic (2%)
Adaptations of Marine Organisms
• The marine environment is more ___________________________ than land.
• Organisms in the ocean are less able to withstand
___________________________________________________________.
• Marine animals do not risk desiccation.
•
•
•
Physical support
– __________________________
– How to resist sinking
– Different support structures in cold (fewer) rather than warm (more
appendages) seawater
– Smaller size
High surface area to volume ratio
– Unusual appendages to increase surface area
_________________________ in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy
Viscosity and Streamlining Adaptations
• Streamlining important for _______________________________organisms
• Less resistance to fluid flow
• Flattened body
• Tapering back end
Temperature and Marine Life
• Narrow range of temperature in oceans
• Smaller variations (daily, seasonally, annually)
• Deep ocean is nearly_________________________________
Ocean Temperature
• More stable than land for four reasons
– Higher ______________________________ of water
– Ocean warming reduced by__________________________________
– ___________________________ penetrates deeply into ocean layers
– Ocean mixing
Cold vs. Warm Water Species
• ____________________________ in cooler seawater
• More_____________________________ in warmer seawater
• Tropical organisms
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
• More species in ____________________________________________
• More biomass in cooler seawater (upwelling)
Temperature and Marine Organisms
• ______________________________________
– Organisms withstand small variation in temperature
– Typically live in open ocean
• _____________________________________
– Organisms withstand large variation in temperature
– Typically live in coastal waters
Salinity and Marine Organisms
• ______________________________
– Organisms withstand only small variation
in_________________________
– Typically live in ____________________________________
• Euryhaline
– Organisms withstand large variation in
_______________________________
– Typically live ________________________________________, e.g.,
estuaries
Salinity Adaptations
• Extracting minerals from___________________________________
• High concentration to low concentration
– _______________________________
– ____________________________ permeable to nutrients,
– Waste passes from cell to ocean
Osmosis
• Water molecules move from__________________ concentrated to
__________________ concentrated solutions
• Osmotic pressure
– In more concentrated solutions
– Prevents ______________________________________________
• Isotonic
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
Marine Vs. Freshwater Fish
Dissolved Gases
• Animals extract dissolved oxygen (O2) from seawater through
________________
• Gills exchange
______________________________________________________ directly with
seawater.
• Low marine oxygen levels can ________________________________________.
• Gill structure and location varies among animals.
Water’s Transparency
• Many marine organisms _____________________________
• Some marine organisms are nearly_________________________________.
– Elude predators
– Stalk prey
–
Adaptations to Marine Environment
• Camouflage through _______________________________
• ______________________________________ – dark on top, light on bottom
• _____________________________________________ – large bold patterns,
contrasting colors make animal blend into background