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The Encounter WHAP/ Napp “Portugal’s decision to invest significant resources in new exploration rested on wellestablished Atlantic fishing and a history of anti-Muslim warfare. When the Muslim government of Morocco showed weakness, the Portuguese went on the attack, beginning with the city of Ceuta in 1415. The attack on Ceuta was led by Prince Henry, third son of the king of Portugal. Because he devoted the rest of his life to promoting exploration of the South Atlantic, he is known as Henry the Navigator. Despite being called ‘the Navigator,’ Prince Henry himself never ventured much farther from home than North Africa. Instead, he founded a sort of research institute for studying navigation and collecting information about the lands beyond Muslim North Africa. Henry devoted resources to solving the technical problems faced by mariners sailing in unknown waters and open seas. His staff studied and improved navigational instruments that had come into Europe from China and the Islamic world. His voyages of exploration also made use of a new vessel, the caravel. To conquer the seas, pioneering captains had to overcome crew’s fears that the South Atlantic waters were boiling hot and contained ocean currents that would prevent any ship entering them from ever returning home. It took Prince Henry fourteen years – from 1420 to 1434 – to coax an expedition to venture beyond southern Morocco. The first financial return from the voyages came from selling into slavery Africans captured by the Portuguese in raids on the northwest coast of Africa. However, the gold trade quickly became more important than the slave trade as the Portuguese made contact with the trading networks that flourished in West Africa. The final thrust down the African coast was spurred by the expectation of finding a passage around Africa to the rich trade of the Indian Ocean. In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. In 1497-1498 a Portuguese expedition led by Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India. In contrast to the persistence and planning behind Portugal’s century-long exploration of the South Atlantic, haste and blind luck lay behind Spain’s early discoveries. Throughout most of the fifteenth century, the Spanish kingdoms had been preoccupied with internal affairs: completion of the reconquest of southern Iberia and the conversion or expulsion of religious minorities. When the Spanish monarchs turned to overseas exploration, the Portuguese had already found a new route to the Indian Ocean. Yet Christopher Columbus’ four voyages established the existence of a vast new world across the Atlantic. But Columbus refused to accept that he had found unknown continents, insisting that he had succeeded in his goal of finding a shorter route to the Indian Ocean than the one the Portuguese had found.” ~ The Earth and Its Peoples 1. Under whose direction did Portugal begin 2. Which of the following was not a cause of to extensively explore the coast of Africa? the European explorations? (1) Alfonso de Albuquerque (1) European demand for eastern spices (2) Prince Henry (2) European demand for gold (3) Sebastian Elcano (3) Technological advances that made longer (4) Ferdinand Magellan sea voyages possible (5) Christopher Columbus (4) Magyar invasions of eastern Europe (5) Ottoman expansion that threatened traditional trade routes to the east Key Words/ I. European Expansion Questions A. Geography: the Atlantic rim of Europe (Portugal, Spain, Britain, France) led the way to Western Hemisphere – closer to the Americas B. Other Factors 1. Borrowing from Chinese and Muslims – compass and astrolabe 2. Ironworking, gunpowder, and horses had no parallel in the Americas 3. Divisions within and between local societies in the Americas 4. Most significant of European advantages lay in their germs and disease a) Native Americans had no immunities: smallpox decimated societies 1) Isolation and lack of domesticated animals made them susceptible 2) In many cases up to 90% of population died: The Great Dying 3) Created labor shortage and Europeans then enslaved Africans C. Columbian Exchange 1. Global cultural diffusion of plants and animals a) American food crops (corn, potatoes, etc.) led to population growth b) Potatoes allowed Ireland’s population to grow but fungus, from Americas, destroyed crop in mid-19th century (“Great Famine”) D. The Silver Trade 1. Silver mines of Mexico and Peru fueled global commerce a) Enabled Europeans to buy Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain E. The Transatlantic Slave Trade 1. Plantation owners needed workers and found them in Africa 2. Brought these workers to colonies (sugar and cotton trade) F. Mercantilism 1. Colonies exist for benefit of mother country – accumulate bullion (silver and gold); restrict colonial trade; colony exports raw materials 2. Colonies provided closed markets for goods G. Differences Among Colonial Societies 1. Settler-dominated agriculture, slave-based plantations, mining 2. Forced Native American labor: Encomienda System H. Colonial hierarchy 1. At the top were the peninsulares or Spanish settlers 2. Then Spaniards born in the Americas (creoles): wealthy but denied top jobs 3. Mestizo, or mixed-race population, Spanish-Indian 4. At the bottom were indigenous peoples, known as “Indians” a) Indians were exploited and converted to Christianity b) Christian saints blended easily with specialized indigenous gods I. In Brazil, ruled by Portugal, and in the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean, sugar became an important cash crop 1. Brazilian slave owners calculated useful life of slaves at just seven years but more slaves were voluntarily set free in Brazil 2. Color in Brazil and Latin America was only one criterion of status J. Third type of colonial society in British colonies of North America – numerous small-scale and independent farmers (Protestant) Reflections: 1. Most sugar plantations in the New World were located in (A)The southern British colonies and Mexico (B) The Caribbean and Peru (C) The French colonies in North America and Brazil (D) New Granada and la Plata (E) The Caribbean and Brazil 2. Which of the following had the highest social status in Latin American colonies? (A) Peninsulares (B) Creoles (C) Amerindians (D) Mestizos (E) Mulattos 3. Which of the following most accurately compares the relationship that English and Spanish colonists had with Amerindians? (A) Both English and Spanish colonists rejected Amerindian crops and planting techniques (B) The English colonists dominated Amerindians; Spanish colonists pushed Amerindians out of the way. (C) The English colonists pushed Amerindians out of the way; the Spanish colonists put Amerindians to work for them. (D) English colonists were more likely to marry Amerindians than the Spanish colonists were. (E) The English colonists were more interested in converting Amerindians to Christianity than Spanish colonists were. 4. In the period between 1600 and 1700, the principal product in the Atlantic trade was (A) Pitch (B) Sugar (C) Tobacco (D) Cotton (E) Gold 5. Which of the following areas was probably the destination for the MOST slaves during the period 1450 to 1750? (A) Brazil (B) British West Indies (C) French West Indies (D) Spanish America (E) Southern British colonies 6. The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasco da Gama offered European merchants (A) A chance to trade with Muslim intermediaries. (B) A chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants. (C) Quicker access to the slave trade of west Africa. (D) Proof that the earth was round. (E) None of these answers is correct. 7. In the New World, the Columbian exchange generally resulted in the (A) Introduction of infectious diseases. (B) Staggering loss of indigenous populations. (C) Introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. (D) Introduction of food crops such as wheat. (E) All these answers are correct. 8. Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of (A) The densely populated urban centers. (B) Poor hygiene and contaminated water. (C) A lack of previous exposure that would have built natural immunity. (D) The lack of access to immunizations. (E) All these answers are correct. First Passage: “From the time of Columbus, indigenous populations had been compelled to provide labor for European settlers in the Americas. Until the 1540s in Spanish colonies, Amerindian peoples were divided among the settlers and were forced to provide them with labor or with textiles, food, or other goods. This form of forced labor was called encomienda. As epidemics and mistreatment led to the decline in Amerindian population, reforms such as the New Laws sought to eliminate the encomienda. The discovery of silver in both Peru and Mexico, however, led to new forms of compulsory labor. In the mining region of Mexico, Amerindian populations had been greatly reduced by epidemic diseases. Therefore, from early in the colonial period, Mexican silver miners relied on free-wage laborers. Peru’s Amerindian population survived in larger numbers, allowing the Spanish to impose a form of labor called the mita. Under this system, one-seventh of adult male Amerindians were compelled to work for six months each year in mines, farms, or textile factories. The most dangerous working conditions existed in the silver mines, where workers were forced to carry heavy bags of ore up fragile ladders to the surface.” ~ The Earth and Its Peoples Second Passage: “In 1493, after reports of Columbus’s discoveries had reached them, the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella enlisted papal support for their claims to the New World in order to inhibit the Portuguese and other possible rival claimants. To accommodate them, the Spanish-born pope Alexander VI issued bulls setting up a line of demarcation from pole to pole 100 leagues (about 320 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Spain was given exclusive rights to all newly discovered and undiscovered lands in the region west of the line. Portuguese expeditions were to keep to the east of the line. Neither power was to occupy any territory already in the hands of a Christian ruler. King John II of Portugal was dissatisfied because Portugal’s rights in the New World were insufficiently affirmed, and the Portuguese would not even have sufficient room at sea for their African voyages. Meeting at Tordesillas, in northwestern Spain, Spanish and Portuguese ambassadors reaffirmed the papal division, but the line itself was moved to 370 leagues (1,185 miles) west of the Cape Verde Islands, or about 46°30′ W of Greenwich. Pope Julius II finally sanctioned the change in 1506. The new boundary enabled Portugal to claim the coast of Brazil after its discovery by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500. Brazilian exploration and settlement far to the west of the line of demarcation in subsequent centuries laid a firm basis for Brazil’s claims to vast areas of the interior of South America.” ~ Britannica Using the reading passages and information from the lesson, how did the Encounter, the meeting of the Europeans and the Amerindians, radically transform world history and particularly the lives the Amerindians? And how does this radically transformative episode in history still impact the world’s peoples today? Be sure to use historical evidence and consider crafting a thesis statement in your reply. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________