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Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire (400-1300) Section 1 – Transforming the Roman World The New Germanic Kingdoms _________________ in Spain _________________ in Italy By 500 the Western Roman Empire was replaced by states ruled by _____________ kings Retained the __________________ structure of government The Kingdom of the Franks ________________ unites the Franks as a Christian country (France) Germanic Society ________________ & ________________ began to intermarry and create a new society Crucial bond between the Germanic people was the _______________ o worked the land together and passed it down through generations o Provided protection in the violent atmosphere of the time Crime & Punishment ______________________ – crime was considered an offense against the state o Court would hear evidence & arrive at a decision ______________________ – crime was personal o Injury to one person could lead to a blood feud and savage acts of revenge To avoid bloodshed, a new system was developed: _________________ – means “money for a man” – the amount paid by the wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she has injured or killed _________________ – means of determining guilt in Germanic law – based on divine intervention Organization of the Church ___________________ – led local Christian communities called parishes ___________________ – led a group of parishes called a diocese ___________________ – (papa, “father”) one bishop became the leader of Roman Catholic Church Pope Gregory I (590-604) Known as _________________________ Strengthened the power of the ____________ & ___________________________ Gave papacy a source of political power Increased spiritual power over the church in the West Active in converting non-Christians through the monastic movement 1 •_______________ – man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to pursue a life of total dedication to God •______________________ – the practice of living the life of a monk •First based on the model of a hermit who pursues an isolated spiritual life •_____________________________ founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules Saint Benedict’s Rules Emphasis on _______________ and ___________________ labor Ruled by an abbot or “father” who had complete authority Self-sustaining community o Held up as the ideal Christian society o Provided schools, hotels, and hospitals Charlemagne and the Carolingians Background _________________ kings gradually lost their power to the mayors of the palace – chief officers of the king’s household Pepin (son of Charles Martel) assumed the kingship Upon Pepin’s death, his son came to the throne Charles the Great - ____________________________ dynamic & powerful determined, decisive & highly intelligent fierce warrior & strong statesman pious Christian unable to write, but was a big supporter of learning Ruled ________________________ Carolingian Empire Relied on counts (German nobles) to act as king’s chief representative in the local areas ______________________ (“messengers of the lord king”) – two men sent to spy on the counts and ensure they were following the king’s wishes Kingdom of Charlemagne The New Roman Emperor – Christmas Day 800 The Carolingian Renaissance Stemmed from __________________________ own intellectual curiosity And from the need to have literate clergy and officials Monasteries established _________________ where monks copied Bibles and classic works Crucial for preservation – most ancient Roman works exist today because copied by Carolingian monks 2 Chapter 9 Section 2 – Feudalism Invasions of Europe ____________________ Empire began to fall apart soon after Charlemagne’s death in 814 Divided among he grandsons into three major parts _____________________ = disintegration of the empire __________________ attacked the southern coasts of Europe and France Magyars (people from western Asia) settled in Hungary and invaded western Europe The Vikings Great love of adventure & spoils of war Warriors, great ______________________ and sailors Long and narrow __________________ ships carried 50 men The design of the ships allowed them to sail up European rivers and attack places far inland Feudalism Developed from a need to protect themselves against the ________________ and other invaders Centralized governments were unable to defend their subjects People turned to local ____________________ and nobles who were powerful enough to protect them in return for a service Vassalage __________________ – man who served a lord in a military capacity __________________ – heavily armed cavalry Lords gave vassals a piece of land for their family in exchange for fighting for them The Feudal Contract Lord/vassal _______________________ was made official in a public ceremony Vassal performed an act of homage to his lord __________________– the land given to the vassal Vassals could have their own vassals & the system became very complicated The Nobility of the Middle Ages ___________________ – kings, dukes, barons, & bishops Had large estates and considerable political, economic, and social power Great lords and ordinary knight = common group within the _________________ Warriors, united by knighthood Tournaments Contests where ___________________could show their fighting skills “A knight cannot distinguish himself in war if he has not trained for it in tourneys.” 3 Chivalry Code of __________________ that knights were supposed to uphold Knight were expected to: Defend the _________________ Defend those who are ____________________ Treat captives as honored guests ______________ only for glory and not for material rewards Aristocratic Women Could legally hold property, but most remained under the control of men Because the lord was often away, managed the estate: Officials & servants Financial accounts Food supply Eleanor of ____________________ Married _______________ of France at age 15 (annulled) and later Henry II of England Two of her sons were kings (Richard and John) Chapter 9 Section 3 – The Growth of European Kingdoms Learning Objectives - The students will be able to: Explain the significance of the following dates: 1066 and 1215 Describe the impact of the Magna Carta, the development of representative government in England & France, and the development of English common law on the evolution of representative government The Norman Conquest Battle of Hastings – __________________________ _____________________________ landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold William was crowned king of ______________________ The Doomsday Book 24 First ___________________ - list of all English assets 4 Henry II Enlarged the power of the English ____________________ by expanding the power of the royal courts _____________________ – law that is common to the whole kingdom began to replace law codes that varied from place to place Power struggle with Archbishop _____________________________ Becket __________________ in the Cathedral June 15, 1215 John forced to sign the _______________________________ Magna Carta – ____________________________ A feudal document – used to strengthen the idea that the ________________ power is limited, not absolute The First Parliament Established 1295 by ________________________________ Composed of: o _________ knights from every county o _________ people from every town o All nobles & bishops Eventually divided into the ______________________ & the __________________________ Granted taxes and passed laws First French Parliament Philip IV (Philip the Fair) Estates-General – 1302 o First Estate – ________________________ o Second Estate – ______________________ o Third Estate – _______________________ 5