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Chapter 3 Objectives In the late 1600s, Robert Hooke was looking through a microscope at some plant tissue - cork. He saw some cubelike structures that reminded him of the long rows of monk's rooms (or cells) at the monastery, so he named these structures cells. The living cells that had formed the cork were long since dead. However, the name stuck and is still used to describe the unit, or building block, of all living things, plants and animals alike. The human body has trillions of these microscopic building blocks. Objective Checklist Cells Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter and list several trace elements. Define cell, organelle, and inclusion. Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane). List the structures of the nucleus and explain the function of chromatin and nucleoli. Identify the organelles on a cell model or describe them, and discuss the major function of each. Define selective permeability, diffusion (including simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis), active transport, passive transport, solute pumping, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, bulk-phase endocytosis, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane, and explain how the various transport processes account for the directional movements of specific substances across the plasma membrane. Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division. In relation to protein synthesis, describe the roles of DNA and of the three varieties of RNA. Name some cell types and relate their overall shape and internal structure to their special functions. Body Tissues Name the four major tissue types and their chief subcategories. Explain how the four major tissue types differ structurally and functionally. Give the chief locations of the various tissue types in the body. Describe the process of tissue repair (wound healing). Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues Define neoplasm, and distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasms. Explain the significance of the fact that some tissue types (muscle and nerve) are largely amitotic after the growth stages are over. Copyright © 1995-2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Terms and Concepts Cells Interstitial fluid Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Nuclear pores Nucleoli Ribosomes Chromatin Chromosomes Plasma membrane Cell membrane Phospholipids Cholesterol Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Glycoproteins Microvilli Membrane junctions Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Connexons Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Organelles Mitochondria Cristae Ribosomes Ribosomal rna Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough ER Transport vesicles Smooth ER Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles Lysosomes Peroxisomes Oxidase Free radicals Catalase Cytoskeleton Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubules Centrioles Mitotic spindle Cilia Flagella Cell diversity Cells that connect body parts Fibroblast Erythrocyte Cells that cover and line body organs Epithelial cells Cells that move organs and body parts Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cells that store nutrients Fat cell Cells fight disease Macrophage (a phagocytic cell) Cells that gather information and control body functions Nerve cells (neuron) Cells of reproduction Oocyte Sperm Cell physiology Membrane transport Solution Solvent Solutes Intracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Selective permeability Passive transport Diffusion Concentration gradient Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Filtration Pressure gradient Active transport Solute pumping Sodium potassium pump Bulk transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor mediated endocytosis Cell division Cell life cycle Interphase Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Protein synthesis Gene Enzymes Fibrous proteins RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA Messenger RNA Transcription Triplet Codon Translation Anticodon Body Tissues Epithelial Tissue Apical surface Basement membrane Simple epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Serous membranes Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Goblet cells Mucosae Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Stratified epithelia Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelia Stratified columnar epithelia Transitional epithelium Glandular epithelium Gland Secretion Endocrine glands Exocrine glands Connective tissue Extracellular matrix Types of connective tissue Bone Cartilage Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue) Tendons Ligaments Loose connective tissue Areolar tissue Adipose tissue Reticular connective tissue Stroma Blood Muscle tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac muscle Intercalated disks Smooth muscle Nervous tissue Neurons Supporting cells Tissue repair Fibrosis Neoplasm Hyperplasia Atrophy
