Download Urban Development in Eastern Asia

Unit 3
City Construction
in the Early Chinese Empires
Three Stages of Urban Construction
 The North-centered Urban Development
The early cultured regions and capital cities
 Movement towards the Southern China
Great migration from the North to the South
( 5th ～ 9th centuries): wars and social disturbances
 Coast and hinterland development
Territory expansion and the hinterland cities(13-16th);
Governmental policies for currency circulation and the
growth of international trade (Asian areas)
Yangtze R.
Emperors
Mausoleum
Yellow R.
Macro-Geographical
Structure & City Locations
Great Wall
Urbanization Process in History
 Political centers moving along the axes
Horizontal and vertical movements: from W to E ;
From N to S and then to N again
 Urbanization areas in the continent
Extension from Yellow River Basin to Yangtze River B;
Urbanization of the remote areas (the south-west region)
 Confucian influence over city form (scale)
Unified urban form and authorized construction (Chinese
urban system: national capital; prefecture; county; town);
Stagnancy of commercial city (harbor city & border city)
construction
Movement of Capitals and Political
Centers
in Chinese History
Xianyang
(Qin D)
Chang’an
(Han & Tang D.)
Beijing
(Yuan, Ming & Qing D.)
Luoyang
(Tang D.)
Kaifeng
(Song D.)
Hangzhou
(Song D.)
Chinese Cities in Early Periods
 Urban relics in the Yellow River basin
Longshan---Yangshao Culture(2200-1700 B.C)
Pottery and bronze wares, city wall ruins
 Urban ruins in the Yangtze River basin
Qujialing Culture (2700 B.C)
Borderline between city and village, bronze and jade wares
 Structure of the early Chinese cities
Small city center and big enclosed suburbs; defense facilities;
State administration (refer to polis), commercial and cultural
exchanges
Archaeological Discoveries in
Yangtze River Basin (BC)
Yancheng, Changzhou
Archaeological Discoveries
in Yellow River Basin (B.C)
Structure of Early Chinese Cities
Qi
Kingdom
Zhao
Kingdom
Cities in Early Empires (Qin & Han)
--- Centralized Administration Country in Asia
 Establishment of the Qin Empire
The 1st Centralized Administration System in China;
The capital dominated by the biggest palace in history;
Unified language, currency & communication
 City form and basic regulation in Han Dynasty
Square or rectangular city (rammed earth wall) form;
The capital administration & the surrounding regions
 Characters of the urban space layout
Inner city space (palace, administrative buildings);
Confucian facilities (a unified social order) and the special
market/handcraft regions ( for international trade)
Capital of Qin Dynasty
--- Xianyang
Palace E’Fang
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor Terracotta Army
City and Palaces
Qin Empire (221-206 B.C)
Capital of Han Dynasty
---Chang’an
The Palace Changle
City form of Chang’an
The Palace Weiyang
Significance of Han Civilization
 The foundation of the orthodox ideology
Establishment of Confucian dominance; the writing system and
historical records (Documents of the Early History--Shiji)
 The unified urban form in Chinese empire
High tide of urban construction (1,587 cities) and urban
administration system; Assembled cities along the middle and
lower Yellow River basin; The standardized urban form
 Influence over other Asian countries
Construction of cities on neighboring regions (Korea Peninsula
Indo-China Peninsula); Wars against the Huns and the opening
of Silk Road
Main Cities in Han Dynasty: Yecheng
Main Cities in Han Dynasty: Luoyang
Evolution of Chinese Cities
in Early Empires
Features of Chinese Empire cities:
Long-term social stability; Highly centralized administration;
Strict hierarchy order and social stratum value;
Dissemination of Chinese ideology in urban terms
(Japan, Korean, Vietnam……)
From structure to function;
From individual to model
Contribution of Urban System
in Tang Dynasty (618～907 AD)
 Urban planning in large scale
Balanced urban space: axis of symmetry, height control……
Clear functional division: palace, market, administration area……
Establishment of urban enclosed square system: time & space
 Progress in construction skill and materials
Wider span and larger area of architecture: Linde Palace,
(20,000㎡), towering pagoda, majestic gates, market and the
widely use of brick and stone in large buildings
 Extensive influence over E.A countries
Model for capital construction: Japan, Korea, Vietnam……
Similar architectural aesthetics: large roof pattern & courtyard,
hierarchy order in space layout
Location and Structure
of Chang’an City
Daming Palace
West Market
The Scale of City and Palaces
in Tang Empire
The enclosed square (Fang)
Structure of Chang’an in 8th C
Nara
Kyoto
City and Palace (Japan 7-10th )
Construction Techniques in China
-----The Corbel Bracket Structure
wood brackets
Crossbeam supported by brackets
Stone used in Architectural
Structure
Pillar-base
Stone
Europe and China
Reading
Ancient
City
by
Stones
Korea Gyeongju