* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - Mr. Dunn`s History Class
Military history of Greece during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Aftermath of World War II wikipedia , lookup
British propaganda during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Consequences of Nazism wikipedia , lookup
Allied Control Council wikipedia , lookup
Diplomatic history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
World War II by country wikipedia , lookup
Siege of Budapest wikipedia , lookup
Naval history of World War II wikipedia , lookup
United States home front during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Technology during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Foreign relations of the Axis powers wikipedia , lookup
Battle of the Mediterranean wikipedia , lookup
Invasion of Normandy wikipedia , lookup
Home front during World War II wikipedia , lookup
Allies of World War II wikipedia , lookup
American Theater (World War II) wikipedia , lookup
Allied war crimes during World War II wikipedia , lookup
The War That Came Early wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 36 American in World War II, 1941-1945 ABC-1 The Internment War Production Agreement Camps Board Wartime Fair Double V Migrations Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) Battle of Island Hopping El Alamein Midway D-Day Presidential Battle of the Election of Bulge 1944 Office of Price Administration Code Talkers Women Power Stalingrad “Unconditional surrender” Atomic Bombs Potsdam Conference Bataan Death March ABC-1 Agreement – The strategy of “getting Germany first” This was the solid foundation on which all American military strategy was built. What do you think the reaction to this strategy was in the United States Time, in a sense, was the most needed munition. National unity was no worry, thanks to the electrifying blow by the Japanese at Pearl Harbor. World War II actually speeded the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society. Consequently, there was virtually no government witch-hunting of minority groups, as had happened in WWI. A painful exception was the plight of some 110,000 Japanese-Americans, concentrated on the Pacific Coast. The Internment Camps -- While this event is most commonly called the internment of Japanese Americans, in fact there were several different types of camps involved. The best known facilities were the Assembly Centers run by the Western Civilian Control Administration (WCCA), and the Relocation Centers run by the War Relocation Authority (WRA), which are generally (but unofficially) referred to as "internment camps." The Department of Justice (DOJ), operated camps officially called Internment Camps, which were used to detain those suspected of actual crimes or "enemy sympathies." The WCCA and WRA facilities were the largest and the most public. The WCCA Assembly Centers were temporary facilities that were first setup in horse racing tracks, fairgrounds and other large public meeting places to assemble and organize internees before they were transported to WRA Relocation Centers by truck, bus or train. The WRA Relocation Centers were camps that housed persons removed from the exclusion zone after March 1942, or until they were able to relocate elsewhere in America outside the exclusion zone. The war time Supreme Court in 1944 upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese relocation in Korematsu v. US. But more than four decades later, in 1988, the US government officially apologized for its actions and approved the payment of reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor. Many of the programs created by the New Deal were wiped out. Dr. New Deal changed to Dr. Win-the-War Building the War Machine War Production Board – Halting the manufacturing of nonessential items such as passenger cars. Rationing will also take effect Production brought economic strains. Full employment and scarce consumer goods fueled a sharp inflationary surge in 1942. Office of Price Administration -- bring ascending prices under control with extensive regulations. Rationing held down the consumption of critical goods such as meat and butter. Labor Unions resented the government – dictated wage ceilings. Despite the nostrike pledges of most of the major unions a rash of labor walkouts plagued the war effort. Smith- Connally Anti-Strike Act – authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries. Strikes against government – operated industry were made a criminal offense. o Under the act, Washington took over the coal mines and, for a brief period, the railroads. American workers, on the whole, were commendably committed to the war effort. The hand of the government touched more American lives more intimately during the war than ever before. Women Power – The armed services enlisted nearly 15 million men in World War II and some 216,000 women, who were employed for noncombat duties WAACs (army), WAVES (navy) and SPARs (Coast Guard) More than 6 million women took up jobs outside the home, over half of them had never before worked for wages The war foreshadowed an eventual revolution in the roles of women in American society Yet evidence shows – the war’s immediate impact on women’s lives has frequently been exaggerated. The great majority of American women, especially those with husbands present in the home or with small children to care for, did not work for wages in the wartime economy but continued in their traditional roles. A poll in 1943 revealed that a majority of American women would not take a job in a war plant if it were offered. After the war a return to domesticity occurred not a widening of women’s employment opportunities An agreement with Mexico in 1942 brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West. Wartime Migrations -- The war caused a shift in the population. War industries sucked people into boomtowns. 1.6 million blacks left the land of their ancient enslavement to seek jobs in the war plants of the west and north. Forever after, race relations constituted a national, not a regional issue. Explosive tensions developed over employment, housing, and segregated facilities. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) – monitors discrimination in defense industries. Double V – In general the war helped to embolden blacks in their long struggle for equality. They rallied behind the slogan Double V – victory over the dictators abroad and over racism at home. Within a single generation, a near majority of African Americans gave up their historic homeland and their rural way of life. The war also promopeted an exodus of native Americans from the reservations. Thousands of Indian men and women found war work in the major cities, and thousands more answered Uncle Sam’s call to arms. Code Talkers – 25 thousand Native Americans men served in the armed forces. They transmitted radio messages in their native languages, which were incomprehensible to the Germans and the Japanese Japan’s Early Successes – Seldom if ever has so much territory been conquered so rapidly with so little loss. Guam, Wake, and the Philippines, Port of Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies Bataan Death March – The Japanese promptly landed a small army and General MacArthur, withdrew to a strong defensive position at Bataan, not far from Manila. There about 20,000 American Troops supported by a much larger force of illtrained Filipinos, held off violent Japanese attacks until April 9, 1942 Before the surrender MacArthur was ordered by Washington to depart secretly for Australia, there to head the resistance against the Japanese. After the surrender the troops were subject to eighty-mile Bataan Death March to prisoner of war camps. Battle of Midway -- was a pivotal naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. It took place from June 4 to June 7, 1942, approximately one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, about two months after the Japanese capture of Wake Island, and six months after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The battle was a crushing defeat for the Japanese and is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of World War II. The battle permanently weakened the Japanese Navy, particularly the loss of over 200 naval aviators. Strategically, the U.S. Navy was able to seize the initiative in the Pacific and go on the offensive. Japan started realizing they were over extended. Island hopping – Towards Tokyo. Bypass some of the most heavily fortified Japanese posts capturing nearby islands, setting up airfields on them, and then neutralizing the enemy bases through heavy bombing. The early set backs in the Pacific were paralleled in the Atlantic – Hitler’s submarines were extremely effective. Not until the spring of 1943 did the Allies clearly have the upper hand against the U-boat. Hitler and his General Erwin Rommel had driven eastward across the hot sands of Africa into Egypt. El Alamein – Late in October 1942, British General Bernard Montgomery delivered an attack against Rommel driving him back to Tunisia. marked a significant turning point in the Western Desert Campaign of World War II. The battle lasted from October 23 to November 3, 1942. Success in the battle turned the tide in the North African Campaign. Allied victory at El Alamein ended German hopes of occupying Egypt, controlling access to the Suez Canal, and gaining access to the Middle Eastern oil fields. The German defeat at El Alamein marked the end of German expansion. Stalingrad -- was a battle between Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for the Soviet city of Stalingrad that took place between August 21, 1942 and February 2, 1943, as part of World War II. It was the turning point of World War II and was arguably the bloodiest battle in human history, with combined casualties estimated above 1.5 million. The battle was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties on both sides. The battle is taken to include the German siege of the southern Russian city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd), the battle inside the city, and the Soviet counteroffensive which eventually trapped and destroyed the German Sixth Army and other Axis forces around the city. As a result of the battle, the Axis powers suffered roughly 850,000 casualties, ¼ of their strength on the Eastern Front, as well as a huge amount of supplies and equipment. The Axis forces were never able to fully recover from this loss and were eventually forced into a long retreat out of Eastern Europe, after the great battles of 1943-1944. For the Soviets, who also suffered great losses during the battle, the victory at Stalingrad marked the start of the liberation of the Soviet Union, leading to eventual victory over Nazi Germany in 1945. The French-held North Africa was to be the second front. Eisenhower, was going to head the front. Unconditional surrender – This policy would presumably hearten the ultrasuspicious Soviets, who professed to fear separate Allied peace negotiations. It would also forestall charges of broken armistice terms such as had come after 1918. This proved to be one of the most controversial moves fo the war. The main criticism was that it steeled the enemy to fight to a last-bunker resistance, while discouraging antiwar groups in Germany from revolting. o No one can prove that an uncoditional surrender either shortend or lengthend the war. Fighting continued into Italy after the Allied victories in Africa. Mussolini was deposed, and Italy surrendered unconditionally – Sept. 1943, however Germany remined in Italy, thus fighting continued. D-Day – Roosevelt, Churchill and stalin meet in Teheran to discuss the invasion. French Normandy, less heavily defended than other parts of the European coast, was pinpointed for the invasion assault. Preparations for the cross-channel invasion of France were gigantic The overall cammand was entrusted to an American, General Eisenhower. Forty-six hundred vessels The allies had the mastery of the air, crippled the railroads, worsening German fuel shortages by bombing gasolilne-producing plants. Able to liberate Paris in 1944. The first important German city Aachen fell to the Americans in October 1944. SHOW BAND OF BROTHERS AND IKES LETTER Presidential Campaign of 1944 – Republicans elected – Thomas E. Dewy (Governor of New York) was regarded as a liberal. The platform called for an unstinted prosecution of the war and for the creation of a new international organization to maintain peace. o Dewy used the fourth term to his campaigning, but the fourth term issue did not figure prominently, since the ice had been broken by Roosevelt’s 3rd term Democrates elected – FDR, but more attention was given to the vice presidency. Fight was between Henry A. Wallace the incombant and Harry S. Truman. Truman one out. Roosevelt won, because the war was going well. His expereince was needed in creating a future organization for world peace. Battle of the Bulge -- started on December 16, 1944 The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis’s favor. The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. Even Ultra (the Allies’ reading of secret German radio messages) revealed nothing about the upcoming buildup and offensive. Moreover, the degree of surprise achieved was compounded by Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with their own offensive plans, poor aerial reconnaissance, and the relative lack of combat contact by the U.S. 1st Army. Allied intelligence failed completely to detect the upcoming offensive and almost complete surprise against a weak section of the Allies' line was achieved at a time of heavy overcast when the Allies' strong air forces would be grounded. The “bulge” refers to the salient the Germans initially put into the Allies' line of advance, as seen in maps presented in newspapers of the time. Most of the American casualties occurred within the first three days of battle, when two of the 106th Division’s three regiments were forced to surrender. In its entirety, the “Battle of the Bulge” was the most bloody of the comparatively few European battles American forces experienced in WWII, the 19,000 American dead unsurpassed by any other engagement. For the U.S. Army, the Battle of the Ardennes incorporated more American troops and engaged more enemy troops than any American conflict prior to WWII. Although the German objective was ultimately unrealized, the Allies’ own offensive timetable was set back by months. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as German survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line. Eisenhower’s troops reached the Elbe River in April 1945. There, a short distance south of Berlin, American and Soviet advance guards dramatically shook hands. The conquering Americans were horrified to find blood-spattered and still-stinking concentration camps, where the German Nazis had engaged in scientific mass murder of undesirables. The Washington government had long been informed about Hitler’s campaign of genocide against the Jews had been reprehensibly slow to take steps aginst it. Roosevelt’s administration had bolted the door against large numbers of Jewish refugees, and his military commanders declined even to bomb the rail lines that carried the victims to the camps. But until the war’s end, the full dimensions of the “Holocaust” had not been known. When the details were revealed, the whole world was aghast. Hitller and his mistress Eva Braun committed suicide in an underground bunker April 30, 1945. FDR died from a massive cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. On May 7, 1945 the German government surrendered uncoditionally. May 8th was officially proclaimed V-E Yhe allies were fire-bombing Tokyo on March 9-10 1945. The US slowly was heading towards Tokyo defeating them at the Philippines, Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Potsdam Conference – July 17 – August 2 1945 The participants were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the three largest and most powerful of the victorious Allies that defeated the Axis Powers in World War II. The three nations were represented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee, and President Harry S. Truman. Stalin, Churchill, and Truman—as well as Attlee, who replaced Churchill after the Labour Party's defeat of the Conservatives in the 1945 general election—had gathered to decide how to administer the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on May 8 (V-E Day). The goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war. Atomic Bombs – Early in 1940, Einstein pushed ahead with preparationf for unlocking the secret of an atomic bomb. Manhattan Project. In July 16, 1945 the bomb was successfully test at Alamogordo New mexico. With Japan still refusing to surrender, the Potsdam threat was fulfilled. On August 6, 1945 a one American bomber dropped one atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Two day later, on August 8th Stalin enterd the war against Japan Jaoan still did not surrander. On August 9th another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. One August 10, 1945 Japan asked for peace, with on condition Hirohito remain emperor. Missouri – On Sept. 2, 1945 the Official surrender ceremonies were conducted by Gernal MacArthur on the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.