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Freshman Grammar Program
Term 1
Chapter 1Parts of Speech
Lesson 1:Nouns
A noun is a word that names a
person, place, thing, or idea.
Notes/Examples
Examples:
A common noun is a general
name for a person, place, thing, or
idea.
A proper noun is the name of a
particular person, place, thing, or
idea and is always capitalized.
Common
1.
2.
3.
4.
Proper
1.
2.
3.
4.
A concrete noun names an object
that can be seen, heard, smelled,
touched, or tasted.
An abstract noun names an
ideas, quality, or state.
Concrete
1.
2.
3.
4.
Abstract
1.
2.
3.
4.
Singular
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plural
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nouns may be either singular or
plural, depending on whether
they name one thing or more than
one.
A collective noun refers to a
group of people or things.
Examples:
Audience, family, crowd, and staff
A collective noun is singular in
form but it can be used to refer to
a group either as a single unit or
as a number of individuals.
The crew (unit) prepares the stage for the concert.
A compound noun is made up of
two or more words. It may be
written as one word, as separate
words, or as a hyphenated word.
One word:_______________________________
When will the crew (individual) test the equipment?
Separate words:___________________________
Hyphenated word:_________________________
A possessive noun shows
ownership or relationship.
Apostrophes are used to show
possession.
Ownership:______________________________
Relationship:_____________________________
Lesson 2: Personal and
Possessive Pronouns
Notes/Examples
A pronoun is a word used in
Example:
place of a noun or another
pronoun. The word that a pronoun
stands for is called its antecedent. Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First Person _________________________________
Second Person _______________________________
Third Person ________________________________
Lesson 3: Other Kinds of
Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns reflect
action back upon the subject and
add information to the sentence.
Example:
Intensive Pronouns add
emphasis to a noun or pronoun in
the same sentence.
Example:
Note: A reflexive pronoun must
have an antecedent!
Demonstrative Pronouns point
out specific persons, places,
things, or ideas.
Examples:
Indefinite Pronouns do not refer
to a specific person, place or
thing.
Examples:
An Interrogative Pronoun is
used to ask a question.
Examples:
A Relative Pronoun is used to
introduce subordinate clauses.
Examples:
Lesson 4: Verbs
Notes/Examples
A verb expresses an action, a
condition, or a state of being.
Action Verbs:
Linking verbs:
Note: If you can substitute is,
are, was, or were for a verb, you
know it is a linking verb.
Forms of To Be:
Verbs that express condition:
Auxiliary verbs, also called
helping verbs, are combined with
verbs to form verb phrases.
Common Helping Verbs:
Lesson 5: Adjectives
Notes/Examples
An Adjective modifies or limits
the meaning of a noun or
pronoun.
Adjectives tell:
What Kind:
The articles a, an, and the are the
most common adjectives.
Which One:
How Many:
How Much:
Proper Adjectives are formed
from proper nouns
Examples:
Lesson 6: Adverbs
Notes/Examples
An Adverb modifies a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
Adverbs tell:
Where:
When:
How:
To What Extent:
Many adverbs are formed by
adding –ly to adjectives.
(Sometimes spelling changes
because of this.)
Examples:
Lesson 7: Prepositions
Notes/Examples
A Preposition shows the
relationship between a noun or
pronoun and another word in the
sentence.
Commonly used Prepositions:
about
before
during
above
behind
except
across
below
for
after
beneath
from
against
beside
in
along
between
inside
among
beyond
into
around
by
like
as
despite
near
at
down
of
Compound Prepositions consist
of more than on word.
Commonly used Compound Prepositions:
according to by means of
in place of on account of
aside from
in addition to
in spite of out of
because of
in front of
instead of
prior to
A Prepositional Phrase consists
of a preposition and its object and
any modifiers of the object.
Examples:
My sister lives in Maine. (location)
She sometimes travels to Florida. (direction)
During the summer, she lives on an island. (time)
The Object of the Preposition is
the noun or pronoun that follows
a preposition.
Prepositional Phrases often
express relationships of location
(by, near), direction (to, down), or
time (before, during).
1.
2.
3.
off
toward
on
under
onto
underneath
out
until
outside
up
over
upon
since
with
through
within
throughout without
to
Lesson 8: Conjunctions
Notes/Examples
A Conjunction connects words
or groups of words.
Coordinating Conjunctions
connect words or groups of words
of equal importance in a sentence.
Correlative Conjunctions are
word pairs that join words or
groups of words.
Subordinating Conjunctions
introduce subordinate clauses
(clauses that cannot stand alone)
and join them to independent
clauses.
Coordinating Conjunctions:
and
but
for
nor
FANBOYS
or
so
yet
Correlative Conjunctions:
both . . . and
neither . . . nor whether . . . or
either . . . or
not only . . . but also
Subordinating Conjunctions:
after
as though
if
so that
although
because
in order that
than
as
before
provided
unless
as if
even though since
until
when
where
whereas
while
Conjunctive Adverbs are used to
express relationships between
independent clauses.
Conjunctive Adverbs:
accordingly consequently hence nevertheless still
also
finally
however
otherwise
therefore
besides furthermore instead
similarly
thus
Lesson 9: Interjections!
Notes/Examples
An Interjection is a word or a
phrase used to express emotion.
Examples:
wow, gee, hey, ouch, aha, boy, imagine, and unbelievable
A strong interjection is followed
by an exclamation point.
A weak interjection is set off by
commas.
Term I
Chapter 2The sentence and its parts
Notes/Examples
Lesson 1: Simple Subjects and
Predicates
Every sentence has two basic
parts: a subject and a predicate.
The predicate is everything that isn’t the subject!!!
The subject tells whom or what
the sentence is about.
The predicate tells what the
subject is or does or what happens
to the subject.
The simple subject is the key
word or words in the subject.
Simple Subject Simple Predicate
The simple predicate is the verb
or verb phrase that tells
something about the subject.
Example:
The bright Florida sky turned black.
Lesson 2: Complete Subjects and
Predicates
The complete subject includes
the simple subject and all the
words that modify, or tell more
about, it.
The complete predicate includes
the verb and all the words that
modify, or tell more about, it.
Lesson 3: Compound Subjects
and Verbs
A sentence can have more than
one subject or verb.
A compound subject is made up
of two or more subjects that share
a verb.
A compound verb is made up of
two or more verbs or verb phrases
that are joined by a conjunction
and have the same subject.
A compound predicate is made
up of a compound verb and all the
words that go with each verb.
Lesson 4: Kinds of Sentences
Declarative Sentences express a
fact, wish, intent or feeling. They
end with a period.
I have a pencil.
My students aren’t very bright.
Interrogative Sentences ask a
question and end with a question
mark.
Can I borrow a pencil?
Could you be less intelligent?
Imperative Sentences express a
command, request, or direction.
May end with a period or an
exclamation point.
Give me your pencil!
Stop being useless!
Exclamatory Sentences express
strong feeling and end with an
exclamation point.
My pencil broke!
I give up!
Lesson 5: Subjects in Unusual
Positions
In most sentences subjects come
before verbs.
In an Inverted Sentence the
subject comes after the verb or
part of the verb phrase.
Is she coming with us?
Here are some extra credit questions.
There is this kid in the back row who annoys me.
In sentences beginning with Here
or There, these words are rarely
subjects. (The subject of a
sentence that begins with one of
these words usually follows the
verb.)
In a Question the subject usually
comes after the verb or inside the
verb phrase.
Is she coming with us?
In an Imperative Sentence the
subject is usually you.
Subject of “you” is implied
(You) Go to the office.
(You) Do your homework.
Lesson 6: Subject Complements
Complements are words that
complete the meaning or action of
verbs
A subject complement is a word
that follows a linking verb and
identifies or describes the subject.
Subject complements may be
predicate adjectives or
predicate nominatives.
A predicate adjective describes
or modifies the subject.
A predicate nominative is a
noun or pronoun. It identifies,
renames, or defines the subject.
Lesson 7: Objects of Verbs
Action verbs often require
complements called direct
objects and indirect objects to
complete their meaning.
A direct object is a word or a
group of words that receives the
action of an action verb. It
answers the question what or
whom.
An indirect object tells to what,
to whom, for what, or for whom
an action is done.
Lesson 8: Sentence Diagramming