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Mid Term Study Guide
Key Terms:
1. Polis – the Greek word for city-state
2. Acropolis – a fortified area on top of a hill. It served as a place of refuge(protection) during attack. The
acropolis also served as a religious center
3. Agora – an open area below the acropolis that would serve as a market and as a gathering area
4. Hoplites – heavily armed infantry soldiers
5. Phalanx – shoulder to shoulder fighting formation that forms a wall of shields
6. Helots – captured people who were forced to become serfs
7. Ephors – In Sparta, five elected men who were in charge of the education of the youth
8. Direct Democracy – every citizen directly participates in government decision making. Everyone votes
on every issue.
9. Ostracism – the process of banning someone who is corrupt or harmful from the city for 10 years.
10. Delian League – the defensive alliance against Persia, formed by Athens and it allies.
People & Places:
1. Minoan – early civilization, skilled at pottery. They were not considered part of Greek culture. They
were pre-Greek.
2. Mycenaean – considered to be the first Greek state, or civilization.
3. Sparta – Greek city state that had a very strong army. Young boys started military training around the
age of 8.
4. Athens – Greek city-state known for its navy and for having democracy as it’s government.
5. Solon – Cancelled all the land debts and freed people who were enslaved by their debts.
6. Cleisthenes – created the Council of 500 and laid the foundation for Athenian Democracy
7. Persia – An expanding power to the east of Greece. As they expanded west and Greece expanded east,
they collided, and fought wars.
8. Darius – leader of Persia who overtook the Ionian Greek cities. Vowed revenge against Athens, but
never conquered them.
9. Xerxes – Son of Darius. Tried to avenge his father by defeating Athens and fighting Persian Wars
against Greece. He did not succeed.
10. Pericles – brought direct democracy to Athens. Died in the plague during the Peloponnesian Wars.
11. Thebes – a third city-state, besides Athens and Sparta, that tried to take power after the Peloponnesian
War.
Concepts:
-The impact of geography on the development of Greek culture
The mountains and the sea affected the development of Greek culture. By using the sea, they could trade
with other countries and spread ideas. By being secluded in the mountains, they could not be invaded and
developed their own cultures without influence from the outside world.
-Mycenaean’s and Minoans
Two influential cultures in early Greek history. Both skilled in pottery, though the Mycenaean’s were skilled
in the military as well. Minoans were considered pre-Greek, while the Mycenaean’s were considered the
first true Greek state.
-Organization of the Greek city-state
The acropolis was at the top of the hill, while the agora was at the bottom. People lived in the areas
surrounding the acropolis.
-Sparta & Athens
Two major Greek city-states. Sparta was known for its strong army and military lifestyle. Athens was more
artistic and brought democracy to Greece. Athens also had a very strong navy.
-Trouble with Persia
Persia, led by Darius, put down the Ionian revolt. Darius vowed revenge against Athens for helping the
Ionians. So he focused his military on Athens.
-The Persian Wars
Xerxes leads his Persian Army against Greece. He defeats the 300 Spartans at Thermopylae, but is
eventually defeated in the battle of Salamis by Athens.
-The Athenian Empire
Athens forms the Delian League as an alliance against the threat of future Persian invasion. When the
threat of Persia is gone, the League becomes the Athenian Empire, and is moved to Athens.
-The Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War is fought between the Delian League, led by Athens and the Peloponnesian League,
led by Sparta. Sparta will eventually defeat Athens, but the war lasts 25 years. Plague breaks out inside the
city walls of Athens and kills 1/3rd of the population, including Pericles. This war leaves all the Greek citystates blind to the rising threat of Macedonia.
Identify:
11. Sophists –Traveling teachers, stressed rhetoric. Taught that there is no absolute right or wrong, and that you
should pursue what is in your own best interest. Viewed by many as dangerous, especially to youth.
12. Socrates – a teacher who did not accept payment. Believed that people could be taught how to be moral and that
moral lives would lead to happiness. Taught that you should question authority and it got him into trouble.
Accused of corrupting Athenian youth, forced to drink poison.
13. Plato – student of Socrates who asked the question, “how do we know what is real?”, The higher world of “ideal
forms” was only reality. Wrote “The Republic”, which was his ideas on government. He distrusted government.
His Ideal state had 3 groups(philosopher kings, warriors, producers)
14. Aristotle – Student of Plato, rejected theory of ideal forms and ideal states, believed happiness lies in behavior.
Created fields of study such as Biology, Physics, and Logic. Wrote about politics, ethics, poetry, science. 3 good
governments(Monarchy, constitutional government, aristocracy) Most influential thinker in the western world.
15. Rhetoric – The art of persuasive speech. Used to sway an opinion or win a debate.
16. Socratic Method – question and answer format used to lead students to see things for themselves through
reason.
17. Macedonia – a powerful kingdom north of Greece led by Philip II and his son Alexander.
18. Phillip II – King of Macedonia. Conquered all of Greece except Sparta, wanted to unite Greek and Macedonian
culture.
19. Alexander The Great – son of Philip II. Strong military leader who conquered Persian and spread the
Macedonian Empire from Egypt to India.
20. Alexandria – The Greek capital in Egypt. Named after and built by Alexander.
21. Cavalry – Warriors on horseback. Part of Alexander’s military strengths.
22. Monarchies – governments ruled by a king, queen or royal family. Alexander set up monarchies across his
empire.
23. Hellenistic – to imitate Greeks
24. Stoicism – based on the teachings of Zeno. Material possessions are not needed for happiness. Public service is
a virtue. Find happiness by following the will of God.
25. Epicureanism – based on beliefs of Epicurus. It is ok to follow self interests. Happiness was gained from the
pursuit of pleasure. Pleasure came from freedom from emotional turmoil. You should separate from the public
world.
Concepts:
- The advances during the Hellenistic Era in the following areas:
-Arts – Alexandria had a museum for research, baths, theaters, temples and sculptors
-Literature – Alexandria and Pergamum, first and second largest library in the world.Plays and epic
poems are written. Apollonius writes Argonautica: The story of Jason and the Fleece.
-Science & Math – Aristarchus-states that Earth revolves around the sun.
Eratosthenes-writes that the Earth is round. Euclid-is father of modern Geometry.
Archimedes – concept of pi, discovered gravity, created a screw to lift water, used the lever
as a tool.
-Philosophy – Athens is still leader in philosophy. Epicureanism and Stoicism
- How far did Alexander’s modern day empire expand?
Macedonia down to Egypt and as far west as India.
- What was Alexander the Great’s legacy?
His legacy was his great leadership skills, his military mind, his monarchies spread out across the empire, and
the spread of Hellenistic Culture across Asia.
- Why did Alexander attack Persia?
To fulfill his fathers dreams and to spread Greek culture across Asia.
- What were the beliefs of the four Greek philosophers? (Sophists, Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle) See front of the page
- What were the beliefs of the two new Hellenistic philosophies?
Stoicism – happiness is not gained from personal possessions. Perform public service.
Epicurus – happiness comes from the pursuit of pleasure. Follow self interests, not public
1. The mountains that form the “spine” of Italy and divide it into east and west.
Apennine Mountains
2. Plain on which Rome was originally located.
Plain of Latium
3. Plain to the south of Rome
Campania Region
4. Fertile river valley to the north of Rome
Po River Valley
5. How did geography affect the early development of Rome?
Mountains did NOT isolate the populations.
Lots of farmland for growing crops, to feed a high population
6. River on which Rome is located.
Tiber River
7. First group of Indo-Europeans in Italy.
Latins
8. What did they do for a living?
Herders and Farmers
9. Two groups who settled in Rome around 800 BC and where each settled.
Greeks – in the south of Italy and in eastern Sicily
Etruscans – north of Rome
10. How did the Greeks influence Rome?
Harvest olives and grapes
Greek alphabet
Provide artistic and cultural models for sculpture, architecture & literature
11. How did the Etruscans influence Rome?
Turn Rome into a city
Adopted Etruscan dress (Toga! Toga!)
Adopted Etruscan military organization
12. Groups that Rome conquered, and the order in which they were conquered.
1.
Etruscan Kings
2. Latin States
3. Apennines Tribes
5. Etruria
13. Two social classes and who belonged in each.
Patricians - wealthy land owners
Plebians – less wealthy farmers, artisans & merchants
14. Who had the right to vote?
Patricians and Plebians could vote
15. Two types of chief executives, and the responsibilities of each.
Consuls(ran the gov’t, and led the army)
Praetors (In charge of civil law)
16. Describe the Roman Senate.
300 men
Life time terms
Advise gov’t and create laws
4. Greeks
17. Three factors that led to class struggle in Rome.
Plebs want political + social equality
Plebs want to marry patricians
Plebs want to become consuls
18. Twelve Tables and Law of Nations
Twelve Tables was the first written set of Roman laws that only applied to
citizens. In order to establish laws over all of Rome, they developed the Law
of Nations, which applied to citizens and non-citizens of Rome.
19. Three concepts of Roman law still around today
Innocent until proven guilty
Right to defend yourself in court
Right to an impartial judge to decide on evidence
20. Who fought in the Punic Wars?
Rome vs Carthage
21. What started the First Punic War?
The battle over Sicily. Both Rome and Carthage had citizens in Sicily. Rome
feared the Carthaginians, so they built and sent a navy to Sicily. Carthage
responded.
22. Who won each of the Punic Wars?
Rome
23. Who was the leader of Carthage in the Second Punic War?
Hannibal
24. What did Rome gain as a result of winning the Punic Wars?
Sicily, parts of Spain and control of the Mediterranean Sea
25. By 2nd Century BC, who controlled the gov’t of Rome?
The Senate
26. What caused the economic and social crisis in the Roman Republic?
Wealthy land owners buying small farmers out
27. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – who were they, why were they important?
They urged the council of Plebs to pass land reform bills
They said that the gov’t should take back public lands from the wealthy and
give it to the landless poor
28. General Marius – why was he important?
Marius changed the way that armies were raised. He promised poor people
land to join the army. Then, the recruits were loyal to the general and not
the state.
29. General Lucius Sulla – why was he important?
He was given command of Asia Minor by the Senate. He fights a civil war against
Marius and wins. He then takes Rome and gives power back to the Senate.
30. First Triumvirate – who did it include and what happened to each of the members?
a. Julius Caesar – military commander in Spain and Gaul, eventually
defeats Pompey in civil war, becomes dictator of Rome.
b. Pompey – Military hero. Given command in Spain. Loses civil war to
Caesar.
c. Crassus – Richest man in Rome. Given command in Syria. His death
causes the collapse of the First Triumvirate.
31. Three causes for the fall of the Roman Republic
a. Growing power of the elites and the unrest of the landless farmers
b. Changes in army, soldiers loyal to generals and not state
c.
Generals compete for power, leads to dictatorship of Caesar
32. Caesar’s Dictatorship – reforms he instituted
a. Gives land to the poor
b. Granted citizenship to allies that supported him
c. Enlarged, and weakened, the Senate by filling it with his supporters
d. Judaism
i. First monotheistic religion
ii. Founded by Abraham in about 1800 BC
iii. Other important leaders
1. Isaac
2. Jacob
3. Solomon
4. David
5. Moses
iv. Important beliefs
1. One God – creator of everything
2. Serve God by studying scripture and obeying its commandments
3. All people created in image of God – must be treated with dignity and respect
4. Covenant with God – God would bless Abraham and his descendants if they
worshipped Him
5. God will send a Messiah to save people, restore Israel to Jews, bring justice to
Earth
e. Christianity
i. Based on teachings of Jesus Christ
ii. Founders were St. Peter and St. Paul (according to most historians) in 1st Century BC
iii. Important Beliefs
1. Trinity – three distinct persons that make up one God
a. Father – God who created everything
b. Son – Jesus Christ, God in human form who came to save humanity
c. Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost) – God’s power that is present and active within
people
2. Sin and Salvation
a. Original sin – we are all tempted to defy God’s will, therefore are
separated from Him
b. To reunite with humanity, God took human form and sacrificed himself to
save the rest of humanity
c. Jesus rose from the dead. By his resurrection, conquered sin and evil
f. Islam
i. Founded by and based on teachings of Muhammad in 622 AD in Mecca
ii. Holy cities of Mecca and Medina
iii. Muhammad is the only true prophet, Allah spoke through him. These messages make up
the Qur’an
iv. Five Pillars of Islam
1. Allah is the only God. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.
2. Almsgiving – give money to the poor
3. Prayer – 5 times a day facing Mecca
4. Fasting – month of Ramadan (holy month). Fast from sunrise to sunset
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca if physically and financially possible at least once in a
lifetime
 The Development of Feudalism
 Invaders threatening safety of people and the flow of trade
 Kings and rulers unable to defend the people and their economies
 People turn to local nobles/lords to protect them
 Offer services in exchange for protection
 Exchange becomes known as feudalism
 Knights and Vassals
 Vassal
 A man who served a noble/lord in a military role
 Knights
 Heavily armored cavalry
 Soldiers on horseback who fought with swords or lances
 Large royal governments break down and rich nobles take control of land
 Nobles give pieces of land to vassals in exchange for military services
 The Feudal Contract
 Loyalty to your lord becomes the most important trait of a vassal
 Fiefs
 The pieces of land given by a lord to a vassal
 Vassals could become lords as well by granting smaller pieces of their land to other, lower vassals
 Feudal contract
 The set of unwritten rules that set up the relationship between lord and vassal
 Military service to the lord is the major role of a vassal
 Vassals would be required to make occasional payments to lords
 Lords had to protect their vassals and settle disputes
 Black Death
 Bubonic Plague
 Followed trade routes
 Reached Southern Italy in 1347
 Wiped out 33-50% of population
 Crowded cities hit the worst
 Spread by rats
 Carried fleas that had deadly bacteria
 Started in Southern Italy
 Followed all the way up to England in 2 years
 Russia in 4 years
 Impact
 Belief in religion lessens
 God sent it as punishment
 Devil caused it
 Priests and clergy also getting sick
 Lack of faith in priests
 Inner prayer becomes popular
 Perecution of Jews
 Believed that the Jews were poisoning wells.
 Anti-Semitism
 Rise of wage labor
 Price of labor rises
 Shortages of workers
 Deflation
 Lowered population = lower demand for food.
 Falling prices
 Decline of serfdom
 Serfs paid rent instead of providing services
 Weakened feudalism
 Reasons for massive spread of plague
 Crowded living conditions
 Disposal of bodies
 No system for garbage/sanitation
 No running water
 People don’t take regular baths
 The poor care for their sick
 Directly exposed to the sickness
 Humanism
 Based on study of the classics
 Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history
 Petrarch
 Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism
 Sought out writings written in Roman Latin
 Cicero and Virgil
 Intellectual life is one of solitude
 No family or activity in the community
 15th century humanists were the opposite
 Very involved in community, government
 Literature
 Written in the vernacular
 The language used in your area or region
 Dante
 Author of the Divine Comedy(written in Italian)
 The soul’s journey through hell, purgatory and heaven
 Chaucer
 Author of The Canterbury Tales(written in English)
 Collection of stories of pilgrims on a religious journey in England
 Christine de Pizan
 Author of The Book of the City of Ladies
 Books that defend women
 They are able to learn just as well as men
 Education
 Education becomes secular
 Focused less on religion
 Education through the study of liberal arts/humanities
 History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, logic, poetry, math, astronomy & music
 Education also focused on physical education
 Javelin throwing, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting & swimming.
 Women often excluded from education
 Not taught math or rhetoric
 Focus should be on religion and morals
 Make them good wives and mothers
Martin Luther
-Monk from Wittenberg, Germany
-disagreed with Catholic Church on many points, mainly selling indulgences
-Authored 95 Theses
-Believed in Justification by faith alone
-Began first Protestant movement, Lutheranism
Desiderius Erasmus
-best known Christian humanist
-spread the “philosophy of Jesus”
-Did not wish to break away from Church, just reform it
Charles V
-Holy Roman Emperor who made Martin Luther an outlaw
-Catholic
Ulrich Zwingli
-a priest in Zurich, Switzerland
-Zwingli seeks alliance with Martin Luther against the Catholics, but is unsuccessful.
- killed in war
John Calvin
-born + educated in France
-became new leader of Protestantism in Switzerland
-believed in predestination
-started church government in Geneva
King Henry VIII
-started Church of England
-separated from Catholic church because he wasn’t allowed an annulment of his marriage.
-had 6 wives and only one son
-wanted divorce because his wife couldn’t bear him a son
“Bloody” Mary
-One of Henry’s daughters
-took control of England and persecuted Protestants
-burned them for heresy
Ignatius of Loyola
-founded the Jesuits during the Catholic Reformation
Pope Leo X
-referred to Martin Luther as a drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up.
-didn’t take Martin Luther seriously
Indulgence
-release from all or part of the punishment for sin.
Excommunicated
-kicked out or thrown out of the Church
95 Theses
-List of complaints and disagreements that Martin Luther had with the Catholic Church
Edict of Worms
-decree or judgment that made Martin Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire
Peace of Augsburg
-agreement that allowed German princes to choose what religion(Catholic or Protestant) that their subjects
would be.
Council of Trent
-announced that everything that the Catholic Church was doing up until that point was fine and would
continue, except the sale of indulgences.
Anabaptists
-seen as dangerous by Catholics and Protestants because of their different views on religion
Wittenberg
-City and University where Martin Luther was from
Zurich
-City in Switzerland where Ulrich Zwingli started his Protestant reforms.
Geneva – city where Calvin led by religious rule, had very strict laws against dancing, singing, card
playing and other things.
Concepts:
- Christian Humanism
-believed in ability of humans to reason and improve themselves.
-people should read the Christian classics and focus on inner changes
- Predestination
-Calvinist belief that it is predetermined whether you are going to be saved or not by God, and that nothing
that you do on Earth can change that.
- Justification by faith alone
-Lutheran belief that your faith and good acts during your life will save you, and NOT the buying of
indulgences or buying of relics.