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Download Prologue: Connecting with Past Learnings
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Prologue: Connecting with Past Learnings Section 1 The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome Athens Builds a Limited Democracy • Greek City-States – Established in fertile valleys near coasts • Monarchy – king or monarch • Aristocracy – small group of noble, landowning families • Oligarchy – few powerful people • Democracy – rule by the people Reforms of Solon • 594 B.C. Solon outlaws debt slavery – Cancels debt • Avoids Civil War • Council of 400 • Free adult males are citizens – 1/10 of population Cleisthenes • Considered founder of democracy in Athens • Reorganizes assembly to balance power of rich and poor • Allows citizens to submit laws – Increasing power of assembly – Creates Council of 500 • Propose laws, counsel assembly – Still, only 1/5 of Athenian residents are citizens Greek Democracy Changes • Pericles – Leads Athens 461 - 429 B.C. – Increases number of paid public officials, pays jurors • Enables poorer citizens to participate in government – Direct Democracy Greek Philosophers Use Reason • Philosophy based on assumptions – Universe is orderly • Subject to absolute, unchanging laws – People can understand laws through logic and reason • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Legacy of Greece – Greeks use reason, intelligence to discover natural laws – 3 Branches of Government • Legislative, executive, judicial Rome Develops a Republic • 509 B.C. • Only free-born males have citizenship with voting rights – Patricians – Plebeians • Twelve Tables – All citizens gain legal protection, fair administration of laws Republican Government • Two consuls elected yearly – Command army, direct government • Senate – All Patricians • Controls foreign, financial policies • Plebeians included in two assemblies – Dictator permitted in crisis Roman Law • A Written Legal Code • The Roman Empire and the Law – Roman law applies to entire empire • Equal treatment under the law for all citizens • Innocent until proven guilty • Unfair laws could be set aside – A.D. 528, Justinian has laws compiled – Nearly 5,000 laws • The Legacy of Rome – Republic – Written code of laws fairly, equally applied to all – Preserves, passes on Greek democratic tradition
