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Transcript
Definitions to Know Acetylation – Addition of an acetyl group ( ) to a compound Alginates - Substances that float on the contents of the stomach to produce a neutralizing layer, preventing heartburn Alkaloid - Nitrogen–containing compound of plant origin containing a heterocyclic ring and a tertiary amine group Amphetamine - A sympathomimetic drug, which means it mimics the effect of stimulation on the sympathetic nervous system, that is chemically related to adrenaline and were used to treat narcolepsy during WWII and depression and obesity in the 50’s and 60’s Antacids - simple bases, such as metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrogen carbonates, that combat indigestion by neutralizing the acid, preventing inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort, and allowing the mucus layer and stomach lining to mend; e.g. Al(OH) 3, NaHCO3, CaCO3, milk of magnesia (a mixture of MgO and Mg(OH)2 Antibacterials - Chemicals which prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria; the first effective one was dye trypan red (sleeping sickness), then salvarsan (syphilis), then prontosil (strep), then penicillin Anti–foaming agents - Agents used to prevent flatulence; most common is dimethicone Aspirin - Acetyl salicylic acid: product of acetylation of salicylic acid; mild analgesic; prevents blood clotting, strokes and the recurrence of heart attacks Bacterium - A micro-organism that is made up of a complex mixture of proteins, sugars, and lipids and contains a single chromosome consisting of DNA in each cell Breathalyzer - A test for alcohol in the breath. The individual in question breathes into a tube containing potassium or sodium dichromate crystals of an orange color; if the crystals turn green, the dichromate has been reduced to Cr+3 by a sufficiently high level of alcohol, generally over the legal limit for driving; “Green does not mean go home; it means go directly to jail, do not pass Go, do not collect $200”; this test is not strong enough to be used in a court of law Broad spectrum antibiotics - Antibacterials that are effective against a wide range of bacteria Caffeine - The world’s most widely used stimulant; is present in coffee, tea, chocolate, cola drinks, and some painkillers and other medicines Depressants - Drugs which depress the central nervous system by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses in the nerve cells; some common depressants include alcohol, benzodiazepine, and prozac Designer drugs - Drugs created by modifying the structure of an amphetamine Digestion - The breakdown of food into molecules that can be utilized by individual cells in the body Ecstasy - A designer drug which relieves Parkinson’s disease but is frequently abused Gastric juices - Mucus, pepsinogen, and hydrochloric acid Heartburn - When stomach acid rises up the esophagus Heterocyclic ring - a ring of atoms of more than one kind; especially a ring of carbon atoms containing at least one atom that is not carbon Indigestion - Discomforted caused from excessive acid production; caused by overeating, alcohol, smoking, anxiety, and eating certain types of foods in some individuals Lethal dose - The dose required to kill fifty percent of the animal population, known as the LD 50 Mild analgesic - Reduces suffering from pain by inhibiting prostaglandins Narrow spectrum antibiotics - Including penicillins, antibacterials which are effective against only certain types of bacteria Nicotine - The stimulant found in tobacco that is largely responsible for causing approximately 1/3 of the world’s population to be addicted to smoking Pineal gland - A small lump of tissue at the base of the brain that produces melatonin Prostaglandins - Hormones that act on body’s heat regulation, inflammation response, and blood vessel constriction. Involved in pain response Risk–to–benefit ratio - The ratio balancing the risks of taking a drug, including side effects, with the benefits garnered from the drug Side effects - Unwanted repercussions from taking a certain drug Strong analgesic - Reduces suffering from pain by increasing one’s pain tolerance level; are available only by prescription; most important naturally occurring are morphine and codeine; heroin and Demerol are synthetically produced Sympathomimetic - Drugs that mimic the hormones that activate the sympathetic nervous system (controls “fight or flight” response in times of stress) Tertiary amine group - functional group in a molecule where a nitrogen atom is connected to three carbon atoms Thalidomide - A tranquilizer released in 1958 that was said to cure morning sickness; unrevealed side effects of the drug, which were not revealed until 1961, caused many women who took this drug to give birth to malformed children Tolerance - Adaptation of the body to a certain drug; a person who develops tolerance for a drug requires larger and larger doses to achieve the original effect Vasoconstrictor - Substance that causes constriction of the blood vessels Common Effects of Several Chemicals Alcohol - Antiseptic, depressant-Alcoholism– psychological and physical dependence, violent behavior, family breakdowns, loss of consciousness at high doses, cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, dementia, delirium tremens (DT’s) after sudden discontinuation; lethal when taken with benzodiazepines, narcotics, barbiturates, and solvents and increases stomach bleeding when taken with aspirin Amphetamines - Sympathomimetism, treats narcolepsy, depression, and obesity-Heart rate and breathing increase, tolerance, dependence, appetite down, possible depression, emotional instability Antacids - Combat excess stomach acid, preventing inflammation, relieving pain and discomfort, allow the mucus layer and stomach lining to heal (or ulcer)-Diarrhea, constipation, possible bone damage, bloating and belching Aspirin - Painkiller, can be taken for arthritis and rheumatism, prevents blood clotting, prevent strokes or the recurrence of heart attacks-Bleeding of the stomach, allergies to it can lead to bronchial asthma, Reye’s disease in children under 12 (rare), overdose can lead to acidosis Caffeine - Stimulant, diuretic, catalyst in painkillers-Restlessness Ecstasy - Relieves symptoms of Parkinson’s disease-Mental relaxation, increase sensitivity to stimuli, hallucinations, can be fatal after just a single dose Morphine - Strong analgesic and painkiller-Constipation Nicotine - Increases concentration and relieves tension-Addiction, increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, withdrawal– craving for tobacco, nausea, weight gain, insomnia, irritability, depression Opiates (Diethanoylmorphine or heroin) - Even more powerful painkiller than morphine and codeine-Short–term: euphoria, painkilling, nervous system depression, breath and heart rate down, high doses lead to coma/death; Long–term: constipation, loss of sex drive, disruption of menstrual cycle, risk of parenterally–distributed diseases, social problems Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)- Mild pain reliever, preferred over aspiring with children-Kidney damage and blood disorders (rare), overdose can lead to death, kidney, liver, and brain damage Thalidomide - Combats morning sickness-Causes women to give birth to malformed children