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Non-seed Plants I. Algae A. Characteristics 1. 900 million years old 2. lack true roots, leaves, and stems 3. lack tubes to transport water and minerals 4. lack seeds 5. must live in water 6. three phyla – brown, red, and green II. Brown Algae A. Sargassum – bubbles keep this brown colored algae floating close to the surface, and extend for many miles providing home to many organisms B. Rock weed – grows on the rocky coasts attached to the sea floor C. Kelp – grows attached to the sea floor D. Used for food in China, Japan, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, and other parts of the world E. Algins and alginates are added to salad dressings, makes | them smooth and keeps them from separating out III. Red Algae A. grow to be several meters long B. usually grow on rocks attached to the sea floor at depths up to 170 meters, (accessory pigments are able to absorb the little light that reaches this far) C. red algae is added to soil and fertilizer, and is also used to manufacture foods 1. carrageenan – chocolate milk, ice cream, | creamy salad dressing, cake frosting 2. agar – jelly like nutrient mixture on which bacterial cultures are grown IV. Green Algae A. May one day be used to make oxygen and feed astronauts in space B. Live in fresh water and moist areas on land, and inside other creatures C. Gave rise to land plants about 450 million years ago V. Land Plants A. In order to move onto land, plants needed to overcome some obstacles. Land Plants Need TO: 1. Support leaves and the body so they do not collapse. 2. Transport food, water, minerals and other materials to all cells 3. Obtain water and minerals 4. Prevent water loss to the environment 5. Get the sperm and egg together for reproduction B. Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts 1. tiny plants, live in moist areas (wet rocks, damp tree bark, muddy banks of streams) 2. do NOT have supporting structures, they grow close to the ground (what supports them) ___ 3. do NOT have tubes to transport materials, water and minerals move cell to cell because they are so small 4. always live in moist areas – do not worry about water loss 5. DO have “spores” with a water proof coat, the spores can survive a dry season 6. Sphagnum Moss a. added to soil as fertilizer b. treats wounds c. formed peat bogs i. preserve organisms from the past ii. used for fuel (industrial revolution in Great Britain) VI. Non-seed Vascular Plants – plants with tubes. (400 million years ago) A. Vascular tubes1. offer support 2. obtain water and minerals (roots) B. C. D. E. 3. transport water, minerals, and food 4. leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water loss Vascular plants have roots, stems, and leaves 1. roots absorb water and minerals, and anchor the plant to the ground 2. leaves are made up of tiny leaflets, and have a waxy coating 3. stems are strong due to thick vascular tissue cells, and tend to lay low on the ground Non-seed vascular plants live in moist environments for reproduction, the sperm must swim to the egg. Ferns – 1. Uses – houseplants, food (fiddleheads), help other crops grow (cyanobacteria that live on ferns produce fertilizer), Horsetails and clubmosses are other types of non-seed, vascular plants