Download Biology EOC Review

Biology EOC Review
NAME_________________________
Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.
You have measured the rate at which a fish breathes at various temperatures by counting the rate at
which its gills open. The data is below. Graph this data.
Breathing rate Temperature
19/min
5 deg C
25/min
10 deg C
30/min
20 deg C
34/min
30 deg C
37/min
35 deg C
1. What is the independent variable? The dependent
variable?
2. What happens to breathing rate with increase in
Temp?
3. What would be a good control for this experiment?
4. How do you think the breathing rate was measured?
5. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?
6. Why would it be a bad idea to do this?
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An experiment was done that measured the Effects of Nitrates on the Growth of Algae. Growth of
algae was determined by how well the water transmitted light. The less the light transmission, the
greater the algae growth blocking the transmission of light.
1. Looking at the graph below, what conclusions can you draw about algae growth and nitrates in the
water?
2. What other data would you like to have?
3. What would you predict would happen if this same data was gathered at the end of week 8?
4. Why do you think that nitrates have this effect on algae growth?
1. What kind of care must be taken when working with bacteria?
2. Why must care be used when working with bacteria?
3. What are the issues surrounding the use of animals for research?
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Fill in the following chart about Organic Compounds
Organic Compound
Building Block
Function
Carbohydrates
Examples
Amino acids
Long term energy
storage; insulation
DNA and RNA
1. What is storage of carbohydrates in plants? Animals?
2. What is a structural carbohydrate in plants? Animals?
3. What kind of biomolecule is hemoglobin and what does it do in your body?
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Organelles (Use the drawings on the next page to label)
Cell Part and Letter
Function
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
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l
Which cell is the plant cell (top or bottom)?
Which structures are found only in the plant cell?
Which structures are found only in the animal cell?
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Number the following in order from smallest to largest:
Organ systems
Cells
Organs
Tissues
___________
___________ ___________
___________
Organelles
___________
Below are a variety of cells from the human body. Use the index of your book to look them up.
1. Label these cells (red blood cell, sperm cell, white blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell)
2. Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible?
3. What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement?
4. Which cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell?
5. Which cell is involved in the immune system?
6. Which cell helps in movement of bones? What happens in these cells to make that movement
possible?
7. Which cell is adapted for transmitting messages? What is the direction of these messages?
How do the messages get from one cell to the next?
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Hormones:
1. What structures produce hormones?
2. How do hormones travel throughout a body?
3. What is the function of hormones?
The diagram on the next page shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell
membrane.
1. What is the cell membrane made up of?
8. What are some of the functions of these proteins and other molecules?
9. Why is it described as selectively permeable?
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1. Explain what has happened in the diagram
to the left.
2. Why did the large dark molecules NOT
move to the left?
3. How is this semipermeable membrane like
a cell membrane?
4. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the
starch concentration greatest (left or right)?
5. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?
6. In osmosis, water moves from an area of __________ to an area of _________ concentration.
7. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?
8. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ________ to an area of ________ concentration.
9. What is osmotic pressure?
10.Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.
b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.
11. What is homeostasis?
Comparison of active and passive transport
PASSIVE
TRANPORT
ACTIVE
TRANSPORT
Requires energy?
Low to high concentration
or
high to low
concentration?
Requires a protein?
Examples
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FACILITATED
TRANSPORT
Energy
Use the following diagram – label where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use
arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate if energy is going in or out.
1. What cellular process produces ATP?
2. What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
3.How do we get energy from ATP?
Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide)
A)
B)
1. Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?
2. Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)?
3. Which reaction requires chlorophyll? What is the purpose of the chlorophyll?
4. Which reaction requires light? What is the light used for?
5. Which organisms carry out process A? Plants / Animals / or Both
6. Which organisms carry out process B? Plants / Animals / or Both
7. Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes?
8. Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?
9. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
10. Where does aerobic respiration occur in the cell?
11. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration? Which one creates more
ATP?
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Enzymes
1. What 2 conditions cause
enzymes to become denatured
(change shape)?
2. Enzymes are types of what
organic compound?
3. Can enzymes be used over and
over again? Why or why not?
4. What is the function of enzymes
in biological systems? Why are
they necessary for all biochemical
reactions?
5. Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?
DNA replication, Protein Synthesis (transcription and translation), and gene regulation.
Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix –
_____
_____
_____
____
_____
1. Circle one nucleotide. What 3 pieces is it made up of?
2. What are the black pentagons? What are the nitrogen bases?
3. Fill in the blanks with the complimentary DNA bases.
4. What is the shape of DNA? Who is credited with the discovery of that shape?
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_____
4. If a strand of DNA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?
DNA =
GACTGA
mRNA =
5. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for the section of mRNA in #4.
6. What is a codon? Where is it found?
7. Where are anticodons found?
8. Is there only one amino acid for every codon? Is there only one codon for every amino acid?
9. What is the start codon? What are the stop codons?
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10. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table
RNA
DNA
Sugars
Bases
# of strands
Where in cell
Function
11. What kinds of bonds hold the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?
12. What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?
1)
2)
3)
13. What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together between the nitrogen bases?
14. Why is it important that these bonds be weak?
15. What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs?
16. How does this affect the mRNA?
17. How can this affect translation?
18. How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein?
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Cell Cycle:
1. Look at the diagram of the cell cycle. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase
called?
2. What do GI and G2 represent?
3. Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)?
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MITOSIS / M E I O S I S
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Yes or No
Yes or No
Type of reproduction (sexual or
asexual)
Chromosome number of mother
cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (1N=haploid or
2N=diploid)
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
When does replication happen?
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Crossing over
Random assortment of
chromosomes
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
Fertilization
Growth & Repair
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Label the following stages of mitosis (cell division). Put the letters in order starting with interphase.
What type of cell is this Plant or animal and how do you know?
MENDELIAN GENETICS
1. In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall
and t=short. Give the
genotype for the parents.
2. Give the phenotype for the parents.
3. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of
the offspring?
4. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring?
5. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
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6. Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure
breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring in the case of
incomplete dominance.
What would the heterozygous phenotype be if it were a case of codominance?
Blood type
1. If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type
O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross.
2. What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again?
3. What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood?
4. What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood?
5. A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood,
the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type
O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father. Explain.
Polygenic traits
1. Some traits are considered to be polygenic. What does this mean?
2. What is an example of a polygenic trait in humans?
Sex Chromosomes
1. What are the male sex chromosomes in humans?
2. What are the female sex chromosomes in humans?
3. Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome are these genes found on?
4. Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male.
5. What are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia.
6. What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia?
7. What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia?
8. Why are males more likely to show a sex-linked disorder?
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Karyotype
1. What is
the gender
of the
person
whose
karyotype
is shown to
the left?
2. What is
the disorder
that this
person
has?
Pedigrees
1. Is the
inheritance pattern
shown by this
pedigree dominant
or recessive?
2. How do you
know?
3. Using A,a, what
is the genotype of
person II 4.
4. What is the
genotype of
person I 3?
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Test Cross
Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a
dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.
Human genome project and applications of biotechnology
1. What were the goals of the human genome project?
2. How will the human genome project be useful in
determining whether individuals may carry genes for
genetic conditions?
3. How will the human genome project be useful in
developing gene therapies?
To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence
from a rape case.
4. Which suspect was present at Crime Scene 1?
5. Which fragment of DNA is the longest? Circle it on the
fingerprint.
6. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful?
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EVOLUTION
Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
1. Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?
2. Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?
4. Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?
5. Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce
and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?
6. The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will
the frequency of selected genes increase?
7. When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation?
8. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a
pesticide) using the steps listed above.
9. What are the differences between abiogenesis and biogenesis?
10. What did Louis Pasteur prove in his experiment with the S-shaped flask?
11.Explain Miller and Urey’s experiment.
12. Why did Miller and Urey put those particular gases
into their experiment?
13. What type of organic molecules did they find?
14. What is the significance of their experiments?
15. What gas would enter the atmosphere as a result of
autotrophs appearing?
16. What is the hypothesis explaining how eukaryotic
cells evolved?
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TAXONOMY
1. What is the current seven - level classification system (list them in order from least specific to
most)?
2. What is the current accepted 6 - kingdom system (list them)?
3. What is binomial nomenclature?
4. Above
is a
phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which 3 pairs of organisms are most
closely related?
6. Which organism is most closely related to the rayfinned fish?
7. Which organisms are the birds most closely related to?
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Use the following key to identify the tree branch to
the left.
1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2
b. leaf is broad……… go to 5
2. a. needles are short ....go to 3
b. needles are long…...go to 4
3. a. underside of needles green…hemlock
b. underside of needles silver ..balsam
4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pine
b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine
5. a. edge of leaf round.go to 6
b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 7
6. a. minty odor…… wintergreen
b. no minty odor…..laurel
Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.
Bacteria
ArchaeaProtista
Fungi
Plantae
bacteria
Eukaryotic
or
prokaryotic
Multicellular
or
singlecelled
Autotrophic
or
heterotrophic
Aerobic or
anaerobic
Cell walls or
no cell walls
What are some differences between the bacteria and the archaeabacteria?
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Animalia
Fill in the following comparison chart
Animal and Fungi Kingdoms
share these three characteristics
Plant and Fungi Kingdoms
share these characteristics
Plant, Fungi, and Animal Kingdoms all share this
characteristic
1
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Fill in the chart regarding Kingdom Plantae
Non-vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Xylem and Phloem?
Seeds or Spores
Water required for
reproduction?
Examples
Small or tall
Fill in the chart regarding prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Membrane-bound organelles
Ribosomes
Chromosome number and
type
Nucleus (Yes or No)
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Label the following parts on the flower and tell whether it is a male part or a female part.
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Petal
Sepal
Anther
filament
Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and describe how coevolution works?
What is the difference between a gymnosperm and an angiosperm? Monocot and dicot?
Viruses:
How is the structure of the virus
different from that of a bacteria?
Can antibiotics kill viruses?
What is antibacterial resistance?
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Example of Behavior
Suckling
Innate or Learned?
Insects moving
away or toward
light
Geese traveling south in winter
A desert toad burying itself
during the dry season
A bear spending the winter in its
den
Getting used to the sound of the
grandfather clock chiming on
the hour
Duckling following it’s mother
Pavlov’s dogs salivating at the
bell
Climbing on the counter to
reach the cookies
AXE body spray (ha ha!)
Peacock spreading its
tailfeathers
Dog growling at another dog in
your yard
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Specific type of behavior
Relationship
Definition
Example
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predator-Prey
1. In the graph below, which organism is the prey? Which is the predator?
2. Which population increases (or falls) first and why?
3.Which population increases (or falls) second and why?
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
1. List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment.
2. List at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment.
3. Give an example of how biotic and abiotic factors (limiting factors) act together to limit population
growth and affect carrying capacity.
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Graph 1: Rabbits Over Time
1. What kind of growth curve is shown by
the graph to the right? (linear or
exponential)
2. What is the carrying capacity for rabbits?
3.During what month were rabbits in
exponential growth?
Graph 2: Mexico and US
1. In Mexico, what
percentage of the
population is
between 0-4 years of
age?
2. In the US?
3. Which population
is growing the
fastest?
4. Which age group
has the smallest
number in both
countries?
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1. The graph above shows the growth of the human population from 1 A.D. to 2000 A.D.
Describe what you see has happened.
2. Predict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning.
3. What factors influence birth and death rates?
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Energy Transfer and Cycles in Nature
Carbon cycle Diagram
1. Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?
2. Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere?
3. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
4. What effect might increased atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment?
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Food Webs
1. What are the producers in the food web on the previous page?
2. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?
3. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?
4. What are the highest level consumers in this food web?
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5. Create an energy pyramid from the following food chain:
Leaves

insects 
birds
red fox 
bear
6. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy?
7. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?
8. Assume there are 10,000 kcal of energy in the leaves? Estimate the amount of energy in each of
the other levels of the energy pyramid.
9. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?
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Human Impact on the Environment
Factor
Population Size
Effect on Environment
Population Density
Resource Use
Acid Rain
Habitat Destruction
Introduced non-native species
Pesticide use
Deforestation
1. How do changes in human populations affect populations of other organisms?
2. What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere?
3. What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the
environment?
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