Download Middle Ages Student Notes

The European Middle Ages
The Early
Middle Ages
What happened to Rome?
• By the end of the 5th century, _____________________________ had destroyed the Roman
Empire…
The Impact of the Invasion…
• Disruption of _____________
• Downfall of ___________________
• Population Shifts
• Decline of ____________________
• Loss of ______________________________
• BUT, there was one institution that survived the fall of Rome…
• The ________________________________________________ !!
 Between 400 & 600 ___________________________________________ replaced large Roman provinces
 In ____________________, a Germanic people called the _______________________ held power
Influential Frankish Rulers: CLOVIS:
 Converted to _________________________________________
 Gained _____________________________ of the Church in Rome
 United the _____________________________ into one kingdom
Germanic Kingdoms
Emerge
Influential Frankish Rulers: CHARLES MARTEL:
 Defeated the _______________________________ at the Battle of Tours (732)
 He became a Christian ____________________________
 His _____________________________ is Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Empire
• 2/3 of ______________________________
• All of present day ___________________________
• Small part of _______________________________; All of German Saxony
Charlemagne’s Accomplishments
• Spread ____________________________ through his conquests of other lands
• AD 800: Pope Leo III asks for Charlemagne’s help to crush an angry mob  __________________
• In gratitude, the Pope _____________________Charlemagne & called him “_________________”
WHY does this matter?
 Christian pope crowned a German king as the successor to the _____________________________
 Gave him ________________________________ over the former Roman Empire
 Revived the idea of a UNITED CHRISTIAN _________________________________
 Would eventually lead to future power _____________________ between the popes & emperors
Charlemagne in Power
 Government: appointed _______________________ to rule over local regions; Strong, efficient, & orderly
 Revived ______________ learning: grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy
 Became educational _________________ for medieval _____________________________
The End of Charlemagne
 Charlemagne’s son (Louis the Pious) is ____________ to the throne; __________________________________
 Louis’s sons _________________________ for control of the empire; civil war!
 Ends in 843; empire is divided into _________ kingdoms
Charlemagne’s Legacy
 Extended ____________________________ into N. Europe
 Further blended ______________, ___________________& Christian traditions
 Educational ________________________;Government style is _________________________ by future leaders
Rise of Feudalism & the Manor System
Problems in Europe
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The destruction of Charlemagne’s empire led to widespread _____________________ in W. Europe
Political turmoil, _________________________, enemy invasions & __________________________
Invaders attack! ______________________________ nomads, Muslims
Central authority was __________________________________ to protect people from this chaos
So who did Europeans look to for protection? ________________________________(aka ____________________)
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Led to a new system of ______________________________ & landholding
Feudalism: Political, ___________________________ & __________________________ system based on mutual
_________________________ between lords & vassals
Emergence of Feudalism
OBLIGATIONS
STATUS
Protection & land for his vassals
Loyalty to his lord & defense of his lord’s land in exchange for
a fief (_______________________________________); could
be poor or wealthy
Loyalty to his lord (military service, payments, & advice) in
exchange for a _______________; could be wealthy nobles or
serfs (__________________________)
Social Classes are well-defined
- The medieval feudal system divides people into 3 social groups:
- Those who _________________(nobles, knights); those who ___________________ (monks, nuns); those who
__________________ (peasants)- Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are __________________________
- Most peasants are ________________________ - people lawfully bound to a place of birth
- Can’t be ___________________________________, can’t leave land without lord’s ____________________________; what they
produce belongs to their ___________________
Manorialism
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Manor: The Lord’s ______________________________
Manorialism: the ________________________________side of feudalism
Manors varied in __________________ & included the lord’s _____________________,
pastures and _____________________, forested areas, a church, & a village where
_________________ lived
The goal of every manor was to be ___________________________________; Why?
The harshness of manor life
Peasants pay _____________ to use mill, bakery, etc… Pay a __________________ to the
priest
Tithe: _________________________________; equal to 1/10 of a peasant’s income
Serfs live in crowded cottages with _____________________ floors,
______________________ beds
Daily life consists of raising crops & livestock; feeding and clothing family
Poor diet, illness, malnutrition makes average life expectancy _______ years
Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s ________________
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Anatomy of a Castle
Due to the lack of a strong central authority,
____________________ was VERY common during the
Middle Ages
Why were castles, or ___________________________
houses, needed?
Medieval castles were designed in response to the
___________________ they had to withstand
Common Features: Stone, thick walls, rounded towers,
reinforced doors, moat & __________________
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The World of Nobles
__________________ was a way of life
Constant battle for _____________________ between nobles
From boyhood many nobles were trained to become
______________________
Feudal lords raised private _____________________ of
knights
Knights rewarded with ___________________, which
provides income; Other activities help knights
__________________ for battle
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Knighthood
Age 7 (_________________):
– Sent to the castle of a lord
– Trained in weaponry, ______________________, & _________________________
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Age 14 (__________________):
– Became a knight’s servant
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Age 21 (__________________):
– Full-fledged knighthood
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Knights compete in __________________________: mock battles characterized by fierce
__________________________; Gain experience
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Warfare: battles generally fought near _______________________________
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Boiling water, hot oil, molten led & crossbows served to deter ______________________soldiers
Code of Chivalry
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Chivalry: A code of_______________________ followed by _____________________; a set of ideals for
behavior
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Required knights to be ____________________, _________________ & honest
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Fight fairly; treat captured ______________________ well & with respect; Defend the ______________
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________________________ & ________________________ women
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__________________________________ adopted this view of women
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Wrote & performed love songs, poems that praised _______________________
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Traveled; also recited/performed epic ___________________ about heroes and adventures
Noblewomen
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Lady of the Manor:
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While husband was at war, women _________________________vassals & managed the ______________________
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They could inherit __________________, defend the castle, or send knights to _______________ on the lord’s request
Role of
Religion
- During the Middle Ages, the ______________________ Church was the most powerful institution of W. Europe
- Catholicism was the center of most people’s ___________________
- The Church taught that:
- All people were dependent on God’s ______________________
- To receive God’s grace one had to take part in the _______________________: church rituals
- Without sacraments/God’s grace, can’t go to heaven
7 Sacraments: ___________________, Penance, Eucharist, Confirmation, Holy Orders, Matrimony (marriage),
Anointing of the sick
The Power of Mass
- Mass = name for Church services
- Mass conducted in _____________________
- Most peasants did not understand it; gave priests lots of _____________________ over people
- Peasants got their religious __________________________from statues, paintings, stained glass windows, etc…
POPE
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Catholic
Church
Organization
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The
Power
of the
Church
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Clergy: religious ________________
Includes Churchy hierarchy + monks/nuns who lived
_______________________ from society
Monastic Life
 Men (monks) live in monastery
 Women (nuns) live in __________________
 Both dress simply; aid the community; live separate
from the rest of the world
 Preserve ancient religions works & ancient
___________________ (copy books by hand)
Medieval Catholic Church was a powerful political ______________________
Helped to ______________________ Western Europe during the Middle Ages; Canon Law =
__________ law
Disobedience to the Church could lead to:
o Excommunication - __________________ from Church (can’t receive the sacraments, therefore
can’t go to heaven)
o Interdict: king’s land (& all people in it) would be banned from receiving
________________________
Church became very ______________________ from donations of land & money
Donated by nobles who wanted to ensure their _____________________; As a result, nobles begin
to dominate & control the Church
During this time, monasteries tried to rid the Church of influence from the
______________________
1059: __________________________ would no longer be chosen by political leaders; would now
be chosen by religious figures only (cardinals)
Heresy
The
Church
as Judge
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The Church was very powerful & had _______________________where it tried people for crimes
against the Church
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Heresy: denial of Church teachings; one of the biggest _______________________
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Heretics (people who committed heresy) were excommunicated
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Heresy considered as bad as _________________________
The Inquisition
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A _____________ set up to prosecute heretics in an attempt to outlaw heresy
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People could be accused of heresy by their ________________; then they would be investigated
by the Church
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Often, heretics were tortured so they would _________________________
The Jewish Community
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As the Catholic Church grew more powerful, the Jews were blamed for ALL
_________________________
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As a result, they were often attacked & killed
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Anti-Semitism: the _______________________________ of Jews
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Main source of anti-semitism came from flawed interpretations of Christian doctrine
The CRUSADES
Background
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During the _________________________________________ in the European Middle Ages
Byzantine emperor asks for help from Christian Western Europe against the threatening _____________ Turks
Popes begin to call for Crusades – _______________________________ – to gain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
Crusaders are promised a place in ___________________________ if they die on a Crusade
Over ________________ years several Crusades are launched; all become weaker & soldiers get greedy
WHY go
on a
Crusade?
The First
Crusade
The
Second
Crusade
The Third
Crusade
Later
Crusades
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Pope wants to reclaim ______________________________ & re-unite Christianity
Kings use the Crusades as an excuse to send away ______________________knights
Younger sons join Crusades in hopes of earning ___________ or winning _________ through fighting
Merchants join the Crusades to gain _________________ through _________________________
Pope promises Crusaders who die a guaranteed place in _______________________
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Pope ____________ launches the First Crusade to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule (1095)
Armies from Western Europe pass through ____________________________________________
Crusader armies captured Jerusalem in 1099 and _____________________ Muslim & Jewish residents
4 ‘Crusader states’ are created from captured land
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Launched after Muslims ____________________________ of a “Crusader State” in 1144
Christian armies ___________________________________________________ the Muslims
___________________________ leads the Seljuk Turks; conquers Jerusalem in 1187
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“Crusade of _________________”
3 powerful rulers: ____________ the Lionhearted (England); Philip II (France); Frederick I (Germany)
Richard I ____________________________________ with Saladin in 1192
Agreement between Saladin & King Richard gives Jerusalem to ___________________________, but
allows Western pilgrims access to Christian _____________________________________________
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Other popes call for later crusades, but each one is __________________________ than the last
By the 13th century, the Western powers pose little ___________________________ for the Turks
The Crusades weaken Constantinople & the _________________________ of the Byzantine Empire:
during the 4th Crusade, Christians _________________________ Constantinople
2 other Crusades strike __________________________ but fail to weaken the Muslims
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Effects of the Crusades
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Crusades demonstrate the power of the _________________________________
Merchants expand trade, bringing goods to _________________________ from ________________________
Failure of later Crusades ________________________ pope & nobles, strengthens the power of _______________
Create a lasting ________________________________ between Christians & Muslims
High Middle Ages: Changes in Medieval Culture
Agricultural
Changes
Guilds
The Commercial
Revolution
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Horses used to plow fields; faster; increases _____________ production & supply
The three-field system:
Plant and sow __________ fields each year, let ___ field ‘rest’
Increases food production, which in turn increases the _______________________
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Guilds: organizations of people with the same ______________________________
Included skilled artisans
Set standards for _______________________, wages, prices, working conditions
Provide _____________________________ for members
Supervise ______________________________for new members
Their ________________________ influences government & economy
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Commercial Revolution: changes in business & ________________________
Merchants develop _____________ to avoid carrying large sums of money around
Merchants take out ____________________ to purchase goods
Development of _________________________________
Economic changes lead to the growth of _______________ & jobs
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Between 1000-1150, Europe’s population rises to _______ million; Why?
o Serfs leaving the _____________________for opportunities
o The revival of ___________________
o Strong _____________________ to protect
Towns are uncomfortable: crowded, ____________________, fire hazards
The Growth of
Cities
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The Revival of Culture
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Revival of trade spawns revival of _____________________ and learning
Universities began as “_________________________”: An association of people organized for the purpose of teaching
& learning
Subjects included _______________, theology, & medicine
Vernacular: the language of ___________________________ speech
Instead of using ________________, people began to speak the language that had developed in their own country
Gave each kingdom a separate __________________________________
Made literature accessible to more _____________________________
Dante Alighieri
(13th century)
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Divine Comedy: describes an
imaginary _________________
from hell to heaven
Geoffrey Chaucer
(14th century)
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Canterbury Tales: describes a
group of ____________________
telling tales to entertain each
other on the way to a shrine