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Fall 2011
Final Exam Study Guide Outline
This packet contains the concepts covered this fall in the Biology classes. The concepts
are based on the Georgia Performance Standards for Biology. We ask that you work on
this for preparation for your final. Each instructor listed below may assign a detailed
study guide for the Final Exam; however this outline will be beneficial.
Biology Science Instructors:
Chad Kollert
[email protected]
Cassandra Dorsey
[email protected]
Channelle Desamours
[email protected]
Lee Kicklighter
[email protected]
Chapter 1: Biology in the 21st Century
1. Define the word biodiversity. Where is it the greatest and why?
2. List the 4 characteristics shared by all living organisms (Pages 5 & 6) and briefly
explain them.
3. Define the terms structure and function---How are they related?
4. Define the term homeostasis? What process is used for it to be maintained?
What are some examples of how we maintain homeostasis?
5. What is the relationship between adaptation and natural selection?
6. Identify the different elements of scientific inquiry and differentiate between
dependent variable, independent variable, and constant.
7. How has improved technology led to changes in the way biologists work?
8. What are some potential risks and benefits of biotechnology?
9. List five basic lab safety techniques you have learned.
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
10. Identify elements common to living things.
11. Describe how ions form and be able to compare ionic and covalent bonding.
12. Explain why many compounds dissolve in water.
13. What is the purpose of the pH scale? Be able to identify if a solution is an acid or
a base.
14. Be able to identify if an acid is a weak or strong acid and if a base is a weak or
strong base.
15. Compare the 4 different macromolecules…carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and
nucleic acids.
16. Describe how bonds break and reform during chemical reactions (Reactants,
Products, direction of the reaction, Bond energy, Equilibrium).
17. Explain why chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
18. Be able to identify if a chemical reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
19. Explain the effect of a catalyst on activation energy (enzymes, substrates).
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
20. What are the 3 principles of the Cell Theory?
1)
2)
3)
21. What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
22. Be able to define and label what 3 organelles does a plant cell have that an animal
cell does not? How does a plant cell look different than an animal cell?
23. Be able to label and define the functions for the following cell organelles.
(*) Help in making and processing PROTEINS.
A) Cytoplasm
B) Cytoskeleton
C) Nucleus (*)
D) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (*)
E) Ribosomes (*)
F) Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Bodies / Golgi Complex (*)
G) Vesicles (*)
H) Vacuole
I)
Mitochondria
J)
Lysosomes
K) Centrioles / Centrosome
L) Cell Wall
M) Chloroplasts
N) Cell Membrane
24. The cell membrane is made up of ___layer and is said to be ____________
______________, which means it, allows some but, not all materials to cross.
Scientists have developed the _________ ___________ _________, which
describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up the cell membrane.
Each head is ________ which means it ________ water. Each head has two
_______ that are said to be ___________ meaning they _______ like water.
25. Define Passive transport and define two types of passive transport?
1)
2)
26. What are the 3 ways a solution can be described and define each one?
27. What is facilitated diffusion?
28. Define Active transport.
29. What are the 3 processes that a cell uses a vesicle to engulf liquids or fairly large
molecules into a membrane? Define each one?
1)
2)
3)
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Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
30. Briefly explain how Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) becomes Adenosine
Diphosphate (ADP) and why is the process important?
31. Identify energy sources used by organisms.
32. Describe the process of photosynthesis.
33. Compare and contrast the Light reactions and the Dark reactions of
photosynthesis.
34. Describe the process of Cellular respiration.
35. Compare and contrast photosynthesis to cellular respiration (hint: look at the
chemical equations!!)
36. Describe the process of Glycolysis.
37. Define Fermentation.
38. Briefly explain the two types of fermentation.
1)
2)
39. Compare and contrast the terms Aerobic and Anaerobic.
1)
2)
40. Why is fermentation important?
Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Division
41. What are the 4 stages of the cell cycle, and the checkpoints for each?
42. In what stage does replication takes place in? Why must it happen before Mitosis?
43. ________ ________ is the regular growth, DNA duplication, and cell division
that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
44. What types of eukaryotic cells are involved in mitosis?
45. What determines the rate of how often cells divide?
46. Compare and contrast the following terms: (Pages 138-139)
A) Chromosome
B) Histones
C) Chromatin
D) Chromatid
E) Centromere
F) Telomere
47. The combined processes of ___________ and ____________ produce what at the
end of mitosis?
48. What are the 4 major phases of mitosis and what happens in each phase?
1)
2)
3)
4)
49. When does the cytoplasm of a cell divide?
50. Differentiate what multicellular and single-celled organisms use cell division
for.(Page 142)
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51. List and discuss the 2 internal factors that regulate cell division.
1)
2)
52. _____________ cells are cells that are pre-programmed to die.
53. ________ ________ are a group of proteins that stimulate cell division.
54. Uncontrollable cell division is known as ____________.
55. Compare the terms:
A) Benign:
B) Malignant:
C) Metastasize:
D) Carcinogens: (Define & Give 2 examples)
56. The creation of an offspring from a single parent is called ___________
______________.
57. Compare and contrast binary fission to mitosis and sexual reproduction.
58. Discuss multicellular life in terms of : Cells →Tissues→Organs→Organ
Systems→Organism
59. List the three types of stem cells, and discuss how each benefit the medical field.
1)
2)
3)
Chapter 6: Meiosis and Mendel
60. What are the differences between somatic cells and germ cells (gametes).
61. What type of cells is involved in Meiosis?
62. What is the purpose of Meiosis and what is the end result?
63. Compare and contrast mitosis to meiosis.
64. Identify and explain the different types of chromosomes and relate them to a
karyotype.
A) Homologous
B) Autosomes
C) Sex Chromosomes
65. Differentiate between female and males chromosomes.
66. Explain the differences between a haploid cell and a diploid.
67. Identify the steps of meiosis and what occurs in each.
68. What is gametogenesis?
69. Who is Gregor Mendel and what was his contribution to genetics?
70. Compare the following terms:
A) Homozygous:
Heterozygous:
B) Genotype:
Phenotype:
C) Dominant:
Recessive:
D) Monohybrid Cross:
Dihybrid Cross:
71) Identify Mendel’s laws of heredity.
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72)
Create a Punnett square for the following: Brown and Blue eyes (Brown is the
dominant trait) Heterozygous vs Homozygous recessive.)
73) Define the following terms.
1) Gene
2) Allele
3) Crossing Over
4) Genetics
5) Traits
Chapter 7 Extending Mendelian Genetics
74) Relate dominant – recessive patterns of inheritance in autosomal chromosomes to
genetic disorders.
75) Describe patterns of inheritance in sex-linked traits.
76) Describe different types of allele interactions (Incomplete Dominance &
Codominance).
77) Explain polygenic traits and the effect of environmental factors on phenotypes.
78) Explain patterns of inheritance in humans.
79) Describe how a pedigree is used.
80) Define karyotype and identify several things and reasons for the use of a
karyotype.
Chapter 8 From DNA to Proteins
81) What did Griffith find and define it?
82) Who identified DNA as the transforming principle and how?
83) Who confirmed that DNA is in fact the genetic material?
84) What type of virus did Hershey and Chase use?
85) What are the 3 parts that make up a nucleotide?
1)
2)
3)
86) Who developed a DNA 3-dimensional structure or model?
87) What 3 ways can DNA are described as?
88) What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA and their base paring rules?
___________ with ___________, ____________ with ____________.
89) What are the 4 nitrogen bases in RNA and their base paring rules?
___________ with ___________, ____________ with ____________.
90) The process in which DNA is copied and what does it assure?
91) What are the roles of proteins verses enzymes in the process of replication?
92) What are the names of the enzymes used in replication (_____ __________)
and in transcription (______ ______________).
93) What feature is built in to replication that allows it to be fast and accurate?
94) What process follows replication and what nucleic acid does it involve?
95) What 3 types of RNA does transcription make and define them?
1)
2)
3)
96) The third or last step that converts an mRNA message using amino acids to make
proteins.
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97)
98)
99)
100)
101)
102)
103)
104)
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
Three nucleotide sequence that code for an amino acid.
Compare and contrast between stop, start and anticodons.
Differentiate between promoter and operon, exons and introns.
What are the two types of gene mutations and define them.
What are chromosomal mutations, when does it happen and give example.
When does a mutation affect phenotype verses offspring?
Mutations can be caused by what factors?
Vocabulary Terms to Know…
Chapter 1
1) Biology
2) Biosphere
3) Species
4) Organism
5) Cell
6) Metabolism
7) DNA
8) System
9) Ecosystem
10) Homeostasis
11) Evolution
12) Adaptation
13) Observation
14) Data
15) Hypothesis
16) Experiment
17) Independent Variable
18) Dependent variable
19) Constant
20) Theory
21) Gene
12) Solvent
13) Solute
14) Acid
15) Base
16) pH
17) Carbohydrate
18) Lipid
19) Fatty Acid
20) Protein
21) Amino Acid
22) Nucleic Acid
Chapter 3
23) Organelles
24) Prokaryotic
25) Eukaryotic
26) Phospholipid
27) Receptor
28) Concentration Gradient
29) Osmosis
30) Facilitated Diffusion
Chapter 2
1) Atom
2) Element
3) Compound
4) Ion
5) Ionic bond
6) Covalent Bond
7) Molecule
8) Hydrogen Bond
9) Cohesion
10) Adhesion
11) Solution
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Chapter 4
31) ATP
32) ADP
33) Chemosynthesis
34) Photosynthesis
35) Chlorophyll
36) Thylakoids
37) Electron Transport Chain
38) Calvin Cycle
39) Cellular Respiration
40) Aerobic
41) Glycolysis
42) Anaerobic
43) Krebs Cycle
44) Fermentation
45) Lactic Acid
Chapter 5
46) Gap 1 (G1)
47) Synthesis (S)
48) gap 2 (G2)
49) Mitosis
50) Cytokinesis
51) Chromosome
52) Prophase
53) Metaphase
54) Anaphase
55) Telophase
56) Growth Factors
57) Cell Differentiation
Chapter 7
70) Carrier
71) X Chromosome Inactivation
72) Polygenic Traits
73) Linkage maps
Chapter 8
74) Mutation
Chapter 6
58) Sexual Reproduction
59) Fertilization
60) Sperm
61) Polar Bodies
62) Purebred
63) Cross
64) Law of Segregation
65) Punnett Square
66) Law of Independent
Assortment
67) Testcross
68) Probability
69) Genetic Linkage
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