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Microbes: Viruses Name ________________ Date ______ 1) Virus _________ living. Viruses cannot ___________________________________________________________ Viruses must infect ___________________________________ A virus is made of 2 parts: core of ______or ______ surrounded by a _________ coat called a _____________ Bacteriophage – uses __________________________________. 2) DNA Viruses: Joins its DNA with the _______ ______ and the ___________ cell does all the work for the virus. ___________________ CYCLE 1. Attachment: bacteriophage ___________________________________________________. 2. Bacteriophage ________________ its ___________________ into the bacterial cell. 3. ________________________________________________________________________. 4. New ________________ are assembled. 5. Host cell breaks and new virus are released. ___________________ CYCLE Lysogenic cycle is a replication cycle in which the __________ _____________ ________ is integrated into the ___________ cell’s chromosome __________________= viral DNA that’s integrated into the host cell’s chromosome Every ________ that originates from an infected host cell has a __________________________ The lysogenic phase can continue for many _____________ At any time the provirus can activate and enter a ______________ cycle 3) RNA Viruses = ____________________ viruses. Enzyme needed to convert RNA to DNA is __________________ ______________ 4) Viruses probably originated from their __________. 5) Some anti-viral drugs keep the virus in the ________________________ stage. Your body can fight viruses such as _________________________________________. - Some viruses can be prevented with __________________ = chemicals that stimulate the body’s ________________ system. If your immune system is prepared to fight a disease (with memory cells) you will not become symptomatic. Bacteria Shapes Spheres – ______________ Streptococcus pheumoniae Rods - ______________ Bacillus anthracis Spirals – spirilla Heliobacter pylori Gram stain: ______________ or ________________ Types 1. ______________________ – live in ______________________ habitats Examples: 2. _____________________ Heterotrophs – eat ______________ molecules ______________________________ - Use light to make energy Chemosynthetic - Use ___________ and nitrogen to make energy Reproduction Asexual - ____________________________ = split in two Sexual - ______________________ = genetic information transferred through _____________ Oxygen or not? __________________ _________________ - Need oxygen. Example: Tuberculosis __________________ _________________ - Do not need oxygen; Oxygen will kill them! Botulism Importance of Bacteria 1. _____________________________________ • 80% of atmosphere = ______ • All living things need N (ATP, DNA, …) • Cannot get N from the air… • _________________ = only things that can turn _________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ • Bacteria ____________________ organic materials in dead organisms and waste • This __________________ _______________________ to environment 3. _____________________________________ Bacteria produce ____________ and _______________ Used to make __________________, ____________ and _________________ ______________________________ Can destroy other harmful ________________ (usually by breaking ______ _______) Caused by bacteria Caused by viruses Protists Very ____________________ Unicellular or multicellular Microscopic or large Heterotrophic or autotrophic But, all are _______________________! Three kinds of protists grouped by how they ____________ ______________ 1. ____________________________________ - Animal-like (search for food) Cells: _______________________; Mode of nutrition: ______________________________ Grouped by how they move: 1. Pseudopods – Example: __________________________________________________________________ 2. Flagellates – Example: __________________________________________________________________ 3. Ciliates – Example: __________________________________________________________________ 4. Sporozoans (produce spores) - Example: __________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________ - Plant-like (make food) Mode of nutrition: _____________________________________ Photosynthesis; have chlorophyll; unicellular or multicellular; produce more ____________ than plants! Examples: 3. ______________________ and ________________________ - Fungi-like (decompose dead organisms) Mode of nutrition: ______________________________________ Fungi For a long time, fungi were classified in the same kingdom as plants. Why? Today, fungi have their own separate kingdom. Why? What is a fungus? ______________________ = fingerlike filaments that grow and branch from a _____________; do everything: ______________, water absorption, _____________________ digestion (eat) _________________________ = large groups of hyphae that make up a fungus - in the fungus or below ground Mode of nutrition: __________________________ Parasites = ________________________________ _________________ nutrition from dead organisms Reproduction: _____________________________= pieces of _________________ break off and grow into a new fungus ______________________ = ____________________occurs and a piece pinches off from an adult fungus—this piece grows into a new fungus ____________________ = reproductive cells (LOTS of spores!!) Importance of Fungi: Decay of dead material; Earth’s _________________________________ __________________; Penicillin = mold that breaks down the cell _______________ of bacteria Foods (citric acid); Jams, soft drinks, fruit-flavored candies Examples of common fungi: