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Microbes: Viruses
Name ________________ Date ______
1) Virus _________ living.
Viruses cannot ___________________________________________________________
Viruses must infect ___________________________________
A virus is made of 2 parts: core of ______or ______
surrounded by a _________ coat called a _____________
Bacteriophage – uses __________________________________.
2) DNA Viruses: Joins its DNA with the _______ ______ and the
___________ cell does all the work for the virus.
___________________ CYCLE
1. Attachment: bacteriophage ___________________________________________________.
2. Bacteriophage ________________ its ___________________ into the bacterial cell.
3. ________________________________________________________________________.
4. New ________________ are assembled.
5. Host cell breaks and new virus are released.
___________________ CYCLE
Lysogenic cycle is a replication cycle in which the __________ _____________ ________ is
integrated into the ___________ cell’s chromosome
__________________= viral DNA that’s integrated into the host cell’s chromosome
Every ________ that originates from an infected host cell has a __________________________
The lysogenic phase can continue for many _____________
At any time the provirus can activate and enter a ______________ cycle
3) RNA Viruses = ____________________ viruses. Enzyme needed to convert RNA to DNA is
__________________ ______________
4) Viruses probably originated from their __________.
5) Some anti-viral drugs keep the virus in the ________________________ stage.
Your body can fight viruses such as _________________________________________.
- Some viruses can be prevented with __________________ = chemicals that stimulate the body’s
________________ system. If your immune system is prepared to fight a disease (with memory
cells) you will not become symptomatic.
Bacteria
Shapes
 Spheres – ______________ Streptococcus pheumoniae
 Rods - ______________ Bacillus anthracis
 Spirals – spirilla Heliobacter pylori
Gram stain: ______________ or ________________
Types
1. ______________________ – live in ______________________ habitats
Examples:
2. _____________________
 Heterotrophs – eat ______________ molecules
 ______________________________ - Use light to make energy
 Chemosynthetic - Use ___________ and nitrogen to make energy
Reproduction
Asexual - ____________________________ = split in two
Sexual - ______________________ = genetic information transferred through _____________
Oxygen or not?
__________________ _________________ - Need oxygen. Example: Tuberculosis
__________________ _________________ - Do not need oxygen; Oxygen will kill them! Botulism
Importance of Bacteria
1. _____________________________________
• 80% of atmosphere = ______
• All living things need N (ATP, DNA, …)
• Cannot get N from the air…
• _________________ = only things that can turn _________________________________
2. _____________________________________
• Bacteria ____________________ organic materials in dead organisms and waste
• This __________________ _______________________ to environment
3. _____________________________________
 Bacteria produce ____________ and _______________
 Used to make __________________, ____________ and _________________

______________________________
 Can destroy other harmful ________________ (usually by breaking ______ _______)
Caused by bacteria
Caused by viruses
Protists
Very ____________________
Unicellular or multicellular
Microscopic or large
Heterotrophic or autotrophic
But, all are _______________________!
Three kinds of protists grouped by how they ____________ ______________
1. ____________________________________ - Animal-like (search for food)
Cells: _______________________; Mode of nutrition: ______________________________
Grouped by how they move:
1. Pseudopods – Example:
__________________________________________________________________
2. Flagellates – Example:
__________________________________________________________________
3. Ciliates – Example:
__________________________________________________________________
4. Sporozoans (produce spores) - Example:
__________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________ - Plant-like (make food)
Mode of nutrition: _____________________________________
Photosynthesis; have chlorophyll; unicellular or multicellular; produce more ____________ than
plants!
Examples:
3. ______________________ and ________________________ - Fungi-like (decompose dead
organisms)
Mode of nutrition: ______________________________________
Fungi
For a long time, fungi were classified in the same kingdom as plants. Why?
Today, fungi have their own separate kingdom. Why?
What is a fungus?
______________________ = fingerlike filaments that grow and branch from a _____________;
do everything: ______________, water absorption, _____________________ digestion (eat)
_________________________ = large groups of hyphae
that make up a fungus - in the fungus or below ground
Mode of nutrition: __________________________

Parasites = ________________________________

_________________ nutrition from dead organisms
Reproduction:

_____________________________= pieces of _________________ break off and grow into a
new fungus

______________________ = ____________________occurs and a piece pinches off from an
adult fungus—this piece grows into a new fungus

____________________ = reproductive cells (LOTS of spores!!)
Importance of Fungi:

Decay of dead material; Earth’s _________________________________

__________________; Penicillin = mold that breaks down the cell _______________ of bacteria

Foods (citric acid); Jams, soft drinks, fruit-flavored candies
Examples of common fungi: