* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Bacterial Kingdoms semi notes
Clostridium difficile infection wikipedia , lookup
Lyme disease microbiology wikipedia , lookup
Cyanobacteria wikipedia , lookup
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae wikipedia , lookup
Quorum sensing wikipedia , lookup
Phage therapy wikipedia , lookup
Trimeric autotransporter adhesin wikipedia , lookup
Anaerobic infection wikipedia , lookup
Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea wikipedia , lookup
Neisseria meningitidis wikipedia , lookup
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth wikipedia , lookup
Bacteriophage wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial cell structure wikipedia , lookup
Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1) Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our _________________ ______________________________________________________. Kingdom Monera While the Monera were briefly understood to be one of five biological kingdoms, it is now understood to comprise two kingdoms: the _________________ and the ________________. Most abundant/diverse kingdom ___________________ organisms ONLY KINGDOM lacking _________________________________ This characteristic separates the prokaryotes from the eukaryotes? ________________________________________________________ Bacterial Shapes 1._________________ 2._________________ 3._________________ Metabolic Needs All prokaryotes require ___________________________________. Most are ________________________________ Bacteria that cannot live without oxygen are called _____________. Some bacteria, called _________________________, can live in the absence or presence of _______________________. Some bacteria cannot live in the presence of _____________. These are called ___________________________. Bacteria are either _____________________________________. _______________ bacteria are either __________ or __________. Autotrophs are either _______________ or __________________. Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by _____________ which is an _____________ Bacteria usually follow a typical growth curve. (Fig. 30-4) Kingdom Eubacteria “True bacteria” have 3 methods of energy acquisition – ___________________ bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from ______________________________________ (ammonia, sulfur) – _______________ bacteria: _____________, obtain energy from ________________ and convert to __________________ energy 1 Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1) – ______________ bacteria: ____________ and ______________ Kingdom Archeabacteria – Oldest and most primitive organisms known – Life’s extremists, occupying environments that “normal” organisms find too harsh – 3 types __________________________________________________ –______________ example: lives in heated acid springs, mud pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5. The Gram Test This is a universal method of _______________ called Gram Staining. This is a staining method developed by a Danish physicist named Hans Christian Gram. It classifies bacteria by how they react to the stain. Bacteria are divided into 2 categories: – Gram positive bacteria – Gram negative bacteria Gram Positive Bacteria These bacteria retain a stain called ________________ which make the bacteria appear _________________ under a microscope. Gram Negative Bacteria These bacteria do not retain the Gram Stain and appear __________ under a microscope. Why is Gram Staining Important? The chemical nature of cell walls determines whether a cell is gram-positive or negative. Due to the difference in their cell walls, gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to ______________________________. Infections caused by gram-negative bacteria are more difficult to treat with antibiotics. Methods of preserving food. Refer to Figure 30-9 on page 640. 2 Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1) Importance of Bacteria Harmful bacteria – those capable of causing disease - are called ___________________. Bacteria also do many helpful things for humans and other organisms. What are some? Pasteur and Germ Theory Louis Pasteur was the man that made the breakthrough and linked _______________________________________. The idea that bacteria can cause disease is called the ___________ _______________________________________. He made his discovery by accident, in 1857 when investigating why _____________________ soured unexpectedly. He proved that the __________ soured because of germs _______ ____________________________________. Even though his experiment supported what he was saying there were a number of people that simply refused to believe what he was saying. The idea of invisible life was simply too big a leap of faith for some to make. Other scientists were convinced. Pasteur’s Influence His influence was huge. He discovered vaccines for ______________ (1880),_______(1881) & __________________ (1885). What is even more remarkable is that in 1868 he suffered a massive stroke that had left him paralysed down one side of his body. Pasteur’s work set the ground work for what we now know about _________________. 1. Bacteria become so numerous that they _____________________ _____________________________________________________. 2. They can ______________________________________. 3 Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1) 3. They can produce _________________, that _______ cells or ______________ with their functioning. This is usually the cause of harm. Robert Koch Koch took Pasteur’s work a step further. He would spend his working like looking to ___________________ to _________________________________. His first major breakthrough came in 1875 when he identified the microbe for ____________________. With the development of technology he discovered microbes that had previously been _____________________________________. He even developed ways of __________ the microbes with ______ so he could calculate their __________ and __________________. Significance In 1882 he discovered the bacteria that caused ________________. In 1883 he discovered the bacteria that caused ________________. With his work he ‘proved’ what the real cause of disease was. These rules were called ___________________________. Koch’s Postulates 1. The suspected disease-causing organism should always be found _________________________________________________. 2. The organism must be ___________ from the diseased animal and ___________________________________________. 3. When organisms taken from the ________________ are injected into a healthy animal, __________________________________. 4. The organism must be isolated from the experimentally infected animal and grown in pure culture again, and it should be identified as the same organism isolated in step 2. Bacteria & Disease Do all bacteria cause disease? ___________________ Only a _______________of the thousands of species of bacteria are capable of _______________ and then only in __________________. Some Helpful Uses of Bacteria Food production: ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. 4 Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1) Many bacteria are necessary in body functioning such as ________ and __________________________. They are important in the soil and plants for the fixing of _________ which is essential for ________________________. They are also __________________________. Humans are colonized by many different species of bacteria. Methods of transmission:____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Sites of contamination:_____________________________________ ________________________________________________________ There are 4 main obstacles a bacterium must overcome in order to cause disease: __________,___________,___________,__________ Virus or Bacterium? Because bacteria and viruses cause many of the diseases we are familiar with people often confuse the two! BUT…they are very different They differ greatly _________…..the biggest viruses are __________ __________________________________! Some Bacterial Diseases Chlamydia Scarlet Fever Anthrax Botulism Bubonic Plague Dysentery Gonorrhea Leprosy Tuberculosis Typhoid Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Lyme Disease Mastitis Meningitis Pneumonia (some) Cholera Diphtheria Whooping Cough Listeriosis Syphilis Tetanus Microbiology is an enormous area of interest encompassing ___________________________________________________. We are exposed to microorganisms on a daily basis without realizing it. They are present _______________________, on ____________ and utilized in the manufacture of many products we use. They are ______________________________________ 5