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Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1)
 Among the first forms of life over 3.5 billion years ago
 Cyanobacteria contributed to formation of our _________________
______________________________________________________.
Kingdom Monera
 While the Monera were briefly understood to be one of five
biological kingdoms, it is now understood to comprise two
kingdoms: the _________________ and the ________________.
 Most abundant/diverse kingdom
 ___________________ organisms
 ONLY KINGDOM lacking _________________________________
This characteristic separates the prokaryotes from the eukaryotes?
________________________________________________________
Bacterial Shapes
1._________________ 2._________________ 3._________________
Metabolic Needs
 All prokaryotes require ___________________________________.
 Most are ________________________________
 Bacteria that cannot live without oxygen are called _____________.
 Some bacteria, called _________________________, can live in
the absence or presence of _______________________.
 Some bacteria cannot live in the presence of _____________.
These are called ___________________________.
Bacteria are either _____________________________________.
_______________ bacteria are either __________ or __________.
Autotrophs are either _______________ or __________________.
Reproduction
 Bacteria reproduce by _____________ which is an _____________
 Bacteria usually follow a typical growth curve. (Fig. 30-4)
Kingdom Eubacteria
 “True bacteria” have 3 methods of energy acquisition
– ___________________ bacteria: autotrophic, obtain energy from
______________________________________ (ammonia, sulfur)
– _______________ bacteria: _____________, obtain energy from
________________ and convert to __________________ energy
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Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1)
– ______________ bacteria: ____________ and ______________
 Kingdom Archeabacteria
– Oldest and most primitive organisms known
– Life’s extremists, occupying environments that “normal”
organisms find too harsh
– 3 types
__________________________________________________
–______________ example: lives in heated acid springs, mud
pots, soil and can take temps of 60 to 95 C and pH of 1 to 5.
The Gram Test
 This is a universal method of _______________ called Gram
Staining.
 This is a staining method developed by a Danish physicist
named Hans Christian Gram.
 It classifies bacteria by how they react to the stain.
 Bacteria are divided into 2 categories:
– Gram positive bacteria
– Gram negative bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria
These bacteria retain a stain called ________________ which make
the bacteria appear _________________ under a microscope.
Gram Negative Bacteria
These bacteria do not retain the Gram Stain and appear __________
under a microscope.
Why is Gram Staining Important?
 The chemical nature of cell walls determines whether a cell is
gram-positive or negative.
 Due to the difference in their cell walls, gram-positive bacteria
are more susceptible to ______________________________.
 Infections caused by gram-negative bacteria are more difficult
to treat with antibiotics.
Methods of preserving food.
Refer to Figure 30-9 on page 640.
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Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1)
Importance of Bacteria
 Harmful bacteria – those capable of causing disease - are called
___________________.
 Bacteria also do many helpful things for humans and other
organisms. What are some?
Pasteur and Germ Theory
 Louis Pasteur was the man that made the breakthrough and linked
_______________________________________.
 The idea that bacteria can cause disease is called the ___________
_______________________________________.
 He made his discovery by accident, in 1857 when investigating why
_____________________ soured unexpectedly.
 He proved that the __________ soured because of germs _______
____________________________________.
 Even though his experiment supported what he was saying there
were a number of people that simply refused to believe what he was
saying. The idea of invisible life was simply too big a leap of faith for
some to make.
 Other scientists were convinced.
Pasteur’s Influence
 His influence was huge.
 He discovered vaccines for ______________ (1880),_______(1881)
& __________________ (1885).
 What is even more remarkable is that in 1868 he suffered a massive
stroke that had left him paralysed down one side of his body.
 Pasteur’s work set the ground work for what we now know about
_________________.
1. Bacteria become so numerous that they _____________________
_____________________________________________________.
2. They can ______________________________________.
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Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1)
3. They can produce _________________, that _______ cells or
______________ with their functioning. This is usually the cause of
harm.
Robert Koch
 Koch took Pasteur’s work a step further.
 He would spend his working like looking to ___________________
to _________________________________.
 His first major breakthrough came in 1875 when he identified the
microbe for ____________________.
 With the development of technology he discovered microbes that
had previously been _____________________________________.
 He even developed ways of __________ the microbes with ______
so he could calculate their __________ and __________________.
Significance
 In 1882 he discovered the bacteria that caused ________________.
 In 1883 he discovered the bacteria that caused ________________.
 With his work he ‘proved’ what the real cause of disease was.
 These rules were called ___________________________.
Koch’s Postulates
1. The suspected disease-causing organism should always be found
_________________________________________________.
2. The organism must be ___________ from the diseased animal and
___________________________________________.
3. When organisms taken from the ________________ are injected
into a healthy animal, __________________________________.
4. The organism must be isolated from the experimentally infected
animal and grown in pure culture again, and it should be identified
as the same organism isolated in step 2.
Bacteria & Disease
Do all bacteria cause disease? ___________________
Only a _______________of the thousands of species of bacteria are
capable of _______________ and then only in __________________.
Some Helpful Uses of Bacteria
 Food production: ________________________________________
______________________________________________________.
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Biology 20 – Bacterial Kingdoms Semi Notes (Ch. 30-1)
 Many bacteria are necessary in body functioning such as ________
and __________________________.
 They are important in the soil and plants for the fixing of _________
which is essential for ________________________.
 They are also __________________________.
Humans are colonized by many different species of bacteria.
Methods of transmission:____________________________________
________________________________________________________
Sites of contamination:_____________________________________
________________________________________________________
There are 4 main obstacles a bacterium must overcome in order to
cause disease: __________,___________,___________,__________
Virus or Bacterium?
Because bacteria and viruses cause many of the diseases we are
familiar with people often confuse the two!
BUT…they are very different
They differ greatly _________…..the biggest viruses are __________
__________________________________!
Some Bacterial Diseases
Chlamydia
Scarlet Fever
Anthrax
Botulism
Bubonic Plague
Dysentery
Gonorrhea
Leprosy
Tuberculosis
Typhoid Fever
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Lyme Disease
Mastitis
Meningitis
Pneumonia (some)
Cholera
Diphtheria
Whooping Cough
Listeriosis
Syphilis
Tetanus
 Microbiology is an enormous area of interest encompassing
___________________________________________________.
 We are exposed to microorganisms on a daily basis without
realizing it. They are present _______________________, on
____________ and utilized in the manufacture of many products
we use.
They are ______________________________________
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