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OrientalPerspectiveII. Judaism and Islam For class discussions Only YolaFiles+16.0809 Scopy.Ph23 I. JUDAISM Place of Origin: Israel Prophet : From Abraham Date: 6th - 5th century BCE (Babylonian Exile Argument) 20th - 4th century BCE (FF. Continuity Argument) Text: The Torah (Pentateuch) History. Some scholars believed that the Babylonia exile in 586 BC was a major turning point in their religion. The prior history of Israel now was reinterpreted in light of the events of 586, laying the foundation for the traditional biblical Pentateuch, prophetic canon, and historical books. The prophets believed that God had used the Babylonian Empire to punish the Israelites for their sins. Their messianic hope for a restored Judean kingdom was fulfilled when Cyrus the Great, after conquering Babylon in 539 BC, permitted them to return for the restoration of local temples. This theory of the gradual evolutionary development that was dominant at the beginning of the 20th century, however, has been discarded by most scholars. Most Jews believed that there never was a real break in continuity and that Mosaic-prophetic-priestly Judaism was continued, with few modifications, in the work of the Pharisaic and rabbic scholars.. Even today the various Jewish groups—whether Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform—all claim direct spiritual descent from the Pharisees and the rabbinic sages. In fact, however, many developments have occurred within so-called normative or Rabbinic Judaism. Basic Idea: 1. the Covenant 2. Ethical Monotheism Theory of Human Nature : 1. HP exists primarily in relation to God. 2. Man created in God Image 3. Free will or Freedom -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II. ISLAM: Submission to Allah’s will Place of Origin: Arabia Prophet : Muhammad Abd Mustafa Abu’l Qasim [Aug.29.570AD] Date: 7th century AD Text: Qur’an and Hadith Qur’an = collection of words that Muhammad attributed to Allah. Hadith =records of Muhammad’s words, teachings, and deeds. Sira = recorded biography Sunnah =Muhammad’s way of life as recorded in the Hadith, especially when he is viewed as a Model for muslims to emulate a. Islam is the world’s second largest religion (after Christianity) with more than 1.6 billion adherents and present as the majority religion in 49 countries, the largest being Indonesia. The term Islam means “submission” (or “surrender”). The submission emphasized by Islam is submission to Allah. Hence a “Muslim” is “one who submits” to Allah by obeying Allah’s commands in the Qur’an (believed by Muslims to be the literal word of Allah), along with the teachings of Muhammad contained in the Hadith. b. Six Articles of Faith: Muhammad’s teachings concerning (1) Allah, (2) angels and other spirit beings, (3) prophets, (4) scriptures, (5) the Day of Judgment, and (6) predestination. Page 2 c. Core Muslim practices are Five Pillars of Islam: (1) reciting the Islamic Creed, (2) Islamic prayers, (3) alms giving, (4) fasting- Month of Ramadan, and (5) pilgrimage to Mecca. Muhammad Muhammad (570-632AD - Quraysh tribe) born in Mecca.. His father died before he was born, and his mother died when he was 6. After the death of his grandfather, his uncle, leader of the Banu Hashim clan, took care of him. We may divide Muhammad’s life into three main periods. 1. Pre-Prophetic Period (570-610 AD). As a young man, he worked in the Meccan caravan trade. At 25, he married Khadijah, rich widow (15yrs older). As was common for the polytheists of the Meccan Quraysh tribe (at his time) he developed the habit of retreating to a cave on Mount Hira for prayer and reflection. 2. Meccan Prophetic Period (610-622). In one of his annual retreats, he thought a spirit had ordered him to recite verses (This has now become a controversial Islamic revelation issue among scholars). Convinced by his wife that he was Allah’s prophet, he began preaching Islam to friends, family members, and to the public, which brought him into conflict with the Meccan polytheists. But his condemnation of their beliefs made him and his followers the target of persecution. After his wife and uncle died, he decided to go to Medina, an event known as Hijrah (the flight of Moh from mecca to medina). 3. Medinan Prophetic Period (622-632). This is the Period when Muhammad began fighting the Meccan caravans. A series of battles most of which were in his favor brought him new converts. The growing army allowed him to conquer not only Mecca, but the rest of Arabia. In 632 he suffered an agonizing death. Muslims believe that Muhammad is their highest moral example (Qur’an 33:21) and the final authority (along with Allah) in all decisions (Qur’an 33:36). According to the Qur’an (4:65), a person can have no faith without unquestioningly accepting Muhammad’s judgments. Basic Concept: 1. Monotheism as expressed in the first article of Islam or the Shahada: There is no god but god and Muhammad is the messenger of god.(TSNGBGAMSMG) 2. Merciful and compassionate God (limited to the believers??) 3. God’s Will for all existence {predestination? Or determinism?] Human Person: 1. Equality of creation in Adam/Eve: Q. 3:59 = dust-instantly 10:3 = 6days 16:14 = sperm 21:30 = water 41:9-12 = 2days 96:2 = blood clot 15:26 = clay 19:67 = nothing 2. Freewill: Free to choose between good and evil. How about apostasy? 3. Teleological creation – goal-directed, i.e. man created for God worship. 4. Worth and dignity of man. Universal or particular? Terms to study: See Enclopedia Brittanica/Micropeadea @ SU Library Apostasy Al-fitna Infidel Hypocrite Salat Jihad Nazed Jizya