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REVIEW Respiratory System: (Chapter 15) Name:________KEY___________ Date:________________________ 1) Label the structures in the diagram above. 2) Why is the process of breathing necessary for our existence? To get Oxygen to the cells in the tissue for cellular respiration to make ATP and to get carbon dioxide (product of cellular respiration) out of the body so the acidity doesn’t affect enzyme function 3) The overall process of respiration can be broken down into 4 components. Name each and give a definition. Breathing – inhalation and exhalation. Changing thoratic volume and pressure to allow air to come in and out External Respiration – at the lungs. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli and then, outside the body Internal Respiration – gas exchange at the tissues to bring oxygen to the cells and take away carbon dioxide Cellular Respiration – in the cells of tissues. Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide. The byproduct is ATP – energy currency of the cell. 4) The process of breathing includes inspiration and expiration. Define each and state the contents of the air each possesses. (i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide) Inspiration – diaphragm contracts (straightens) and ribs rise and contract – medulla oblongata signal, volume of cavity increase, pressure decrease, oxygen floods into the lungs through nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli Expiration – medulla oblongata signal stops, diaphragm relaxes, ribs and chest drop, volume decreases, pressure increases, pushes carbon dioxide out. 5) How are the bronchioles different from the bronchi? Bronchiole walls are thinner and the small rings of cartilage are longer present. There are more bronchioles as the branch off of the left and right bronchi. 6) If a lung was punctures by a broken rib, why would the lung collapse? If the lung is punctured, when you inhale and fill your lungs with air, some will escape into the chest. This could cause the lung to collapse. Air and gas get caught in the pleural cavity and may interfere with normal breathing. 8) Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? alveoli 9) Describe three ways in which the structures of the alveoli facilitate their function. Thin walled allows for quick gas exchange, moist which facilitates diffusion, numerous which increase surface area, stretch receptors in their walls signal medulla oblongata to stop inhalation 10) What does reduced hemoglobin carry? Hydrogen ions 11) Where does oxyhemoglobin become deoxyhemoglobin? Why? Internal respiration – at the tissue capillaries. Oxygen is dropped off for cellular respiration because of a difference in pressure, temperature and pH. 12) What 2 reactions can carbon dioxide take part in – during internal respiration? Carbon dioxide + Hb carbaminohemoglobin Carbon dioxide + water carbonic acid bicarbonate (enzyme carbonic anhydrase) 13) Why is it so important that carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are removed from the blood? What two reaction help to remove H+ from the blood? Because they are acidic. Change in pH can denature enzyme and cause them to not work. Hb + H reduced hemoglobin H + HCO3 H2CO3 H2O + CO2