Download APBio Midterm Review-2013

AP BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET (January 2014)
ECOLOGY
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Review the definitions of population, community, and ecosystem.
What is the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth of populations?
What is the difference between r-selected and K-selected populations?
Review the terms autotroph, heterotroph, producer, consumer and the their role in a food chain or food web.
Review the main reservoirs of each of the nutrient cycles- water, carbon, and nitrogen- in ecosystems.
Define and describe primary and secondary succession.
EVOLUTION
7. Describe Darwin’s idea of “Evolution by Means of Natural Selection”. Be sure to describe: Variation,
Over-production of offspring, Competition, Differential survival, Differential reproduction.
8. Define population, gene pool
9. Identify the effects of the following types of natural selection: Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive
10. Define and provide examples of:
a. Homologous structures
b. Analogous structures
c. Convergent evolution
11. Describe the evolutionary forces that change populations.
a. Natural selection
i. Physiological selection
ii. Predation selection
iii. Sexual selection
b. Genetic Drift
i. Founder effect
ii. Bottleneck effect
2. State the Hardy-Weinberg principle and apply it to solve problems in population genetics.
12. Describe the five conditions necessary for a population to maintain an unchanging genetic structure.
13. What is a heterozygote advantage? Give an example.
14. Compare and contrast allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
15. Describe how the polarity of water contributes to its unique properties and their importance to life
(adhesion/cohesion, capillary action, water as a solvent, the special case of ice density, specific heat, heat of
vaporization).
16. Distinguish between the covalent bonds of the water molecule and the hydrogen bonds between water
molecules.
17. Compare dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions and explain how they build organic molecules.
18. List the four major classes of macromolecules- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
19. Provide specific examples of these macromolecules (the ones discussed in class).
a) Identify their structure
b) Describe their properties and functions in the cell
c) Know the monomers (parts) that are used to build these polymers.
20. Identify the elements found in each macromolecule
21. Describe the four levels of protein structure (1◦-4◦) and the interactions that determine these structures
(hydrophobic, ionic, h-bond, disulfide bridges).
22. Distinguish between purines and pyrimidines.
23. Identify the parts of a nucleotide in DNA, RNA, and ATP, the similarities between them and the
differences.
DNA REPLICATION/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
24. Describe the structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick and explain how this structure enables
DNA to serve as the hereditary molecule.
25. Be able to label a molecule of DNA. Terms include: pyrimidine, purine, hydrogen bonds, 5’ and 3’ ends,
the three parts of the nucleotide.
26. Describe the process of DNA replication (semiconservative),naming the specific molecules, enzymes, and
organelles involved.
27. What is meant by antiparallel strands and how does this affect DNA replication?
28. Describe the formation of leading and lagging strands of a replicating DNA molecule. What allows for the
speed at which eukaryotes can replicate their DNA?
29. What are telomeres? Telomerase? What affect do they have on the DNA strands?
30. Compare the major differences of DNA Replication in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.
31. What happens to DNA when mutations occur? Describe the effects of different mutations on DNA, mRNA,
and proteins (point and frameshift).
32. Differences between DNA and RNA.
33. Describe the overall process of transcription and translation and identify all the enzymes and support
proteins that are involved.
34. Creation of polypeptide from mRNA codons. Be able to utilize the mRNA codon chart (Universal Genetic
Code) to code for a polypeptide.
35. Compare differences in Eukaryote and Prokaryote protein synthesis
36. Be able to transcribe a strand of DNA into mRNA and translate mRNA into an amino acid sequence.
37. Explain the function of the operon.
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