Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus
... behavioral measure (e.g. greater accuracy in identifying the stimulus, or faster response times to make a decision about it), and often occurs under the same experimental conditions as RS. Nevertheless, it is important to note that, under certain conditions, priming can be associated with increased ...
... behavioral measure (e.g. greater accuracy in identifying the stimulus, or faster response times to make a decision about it), and often occurs under the same experimental conditions as RS. Nevertheless, it is important to note that, under certain conditions, priming can be associated with increased ...
Handout - personal.kent.edu
... Earning money to buy food, trying to go to bed at the same time each night Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral, but obtain reinforcing value when paired with primary reinforcers Æ money ...
... Earning money to buy food, trying to go to bed at the same time each night Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral, but obtain reinforcing value when paired with primary reinforcers Æ money ...
Ch. 8 - personal.kent.edu
... Habit refers to a learned association between stimulus and response that makes them occur together frequently – can be learned & unlearned (temporary) Drive is a strong stimulation producing discomfort Æ hunger ...
... Habit refers to a learned association between stimulus and response that makes them occur together frequently – can be learned & unlearned (temporary) Drive is a strong stimulation producing discomfort Æ hunger ...
Neuronal activity in dorsomedial frontal cortex and prefrontal cortex
... and PF was affected by stimulus location, even when that stimulus dimension was behaviorally irrelevant. Previous studies of both PF (Rainer et al. 1998; Rao et al. 1997; White and Wise 1999) and DMF (Olson et al. 2000; White and Wise 1999) have shown that stimulus location influences neuronal activ ...
... and PF was affected by stimulus location, even when that stimulus dimension was behaviorally irrelevant. Previous studies of both PF (Rainer et al. 1998; Rao et al. 1997; White and Wise 1999) and DMF (Olson et al. 2000; White and Wise 1999) have shown that stimulus location influences neuronal activ ...
Simulating the Fröhlich Effect of Motion Misperception as a Result... Attentional Modulation in the Visual System
... After describing the model, we tried to simulate basic properties of the Fröhlich effect. We showed that a misperception only occurred with moving and not with stationary stimuli. Additionally, the main effects for motion direction, stimulus eccentricity and stimulus velocity could be simulated. Nev ...
... After describing the model, we tried to simulate basic properties of the Fröhlich effect. We showed that a misperception only occurred with moving and not with stationary stimuli. Additionally, the main effects for motion direction, stimulus eccentricity and stimulus velocity could be simulated. Nev ...
The Learning Perspective History and cultural context: • Origins from
... increased the incentive by depriving the animals of food prior to the testing, and then placing food outside the puzzle box, where it was visible to the cat. The cats learned to press the lever, thereby escaping and obtaining the food. (1898). The satisfying outcome was what led behaviour being repe ...
... increased the incentive by depriving the animals of food prior to the testing, and then placing food outside the puzzle box, where it was visible to the cat. The cats learned to press the lever, thereby escaping and obtaining the food. (1898). The satisfying outcome was what led behaviour being repe ...
Operant vs. Respondent Conditioning
... • Combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from the least to the most frightening – Can be in vivo or with imagination ...
... • Combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from the least to the most frightening – Can be in vivo or with imagination ...
Figure 2.10
... potentiation to their fear memories • Patients with recurrent traumatization • had the least startle potentiation to their fear memories • more extensive comorbidity such as major depression and anxiety disorders as well as longer enduring PTSD ...
... potentiation to their fear memories • Patients with recurrent traumatization • had the least startle potentiation to their fear memories • more extensive comorbidity such as major depression and anxiety disorders as well as longer enduring PTSD ...
Classical Conditioning
... of time between presentations of the UCS/US – Combined with trace conditioning based on a period of time • i.e. dog starts to salivate at 7:59am because s/he is fed at 8am everyday ...
... of time between presentations of the UCS/US – Combined with trace conditioning based on a period of time • i.e. dog starts to salivate at 7:59am because s/he is fed at 8am everyday ...
A Maximum-Likelihood Approach to Modeling Multisensory
... In a typical environment stimuli occur at various positions in space and time. In order to produce a coherent assessment of the external world an individual must constantly discriminate between signals relevant for action planning (targets) and signals that need no immediate response (distractors). ...
... In a typical environment stimuli occur at various positions in space and time. In order to produce a coherent assessment of the external world an individual must constantly discriminate between signals relevant for action planning (targets) and signals that need no immediate response (distractors). ...
Conditioned Response
... when given immediately after a correct response Response chain: A linked series of actions that leads to reinforcement Superstitious behaviors: Behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement, even though they are not ...
... when given immediately after a correct response Response chain: A linked series of actions that leads to reinforcement Superstitious behaviors: Behaviors that are repeated because they appear to produce reinforcement, even though they are not ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier Store
... FIGURE 46.2 Two drawings that were made by a patient with spatial neglect. The patient was asked to copy the two models (clock, house). In each case, the copies exclude important elements that appeared on the left side of the model, indicating that the patient was unable to process information abou ...
... FIGURE 46.2 Two drawings that were made by a patient with spatial neglect. The patient was asked to copy the two models (clock, house). In each case, the copies exclude important elements that appeared on the left side of the model, indicating that the patient was unable to process information abou ...
Modulation of attentional inhibition by norepinephrine and cortisol
... One important way in which stress may affect attention is through inhibitory mechanisms. The negative priming ŽNP. paradigm is designed to assess the role of inhibition in selective attention ŽTipper, 1985.. NP is structurally similar to the phenomenon of latent inhibition ŽLubow, 1973. and involves ...
... One important way in which stress may affect attention is through inhibitory mechanisms. The negative priming ŽNP. paradigm is designed to assess the role of inhibition in selective attention ŽTipper, 1985.. NP is structurally similar to the phenomenon of latent inhibition ŽLubow, 1973. and involves ...
WHAT IS LEARNING
... Exercise #1: The Backwards Alphabet • The ideal learning curve…call it a learning curve but it’s really a performance curve… ...
... Exercise #1: The Backwards Alphabet • The ideal learning curve…call it a learning curve but it’s really a performance curve… ...
How is the stimulus represented in the nervous system?
... next could serve as cues readable by central coincidence detectors. (3) Similarly relative latency across BF could be used, discussed later. ...
... next could serve as cues readable by central coincidence detectors. (3) Similarly relative latency across BF could be used, discussed later. ...
Visually Induced Ocular Torsion
... visual scene enriched with spatial clues important for maintaining posture was found to induce significantly more torsion compared to a scene without spatial clues. The degree of stimuli tilt had no significant effect, nor the stimuli periphery. In the second study, torsional response was shown to d ...
... visual scene enriched with spatial clues important for maintaining posture was found to induce significantly more torsion compared to a scene without spatial clues. The degree of stimuli tilt had no significant effect, nor the stimuli periphery. In the second study, torsional response was shown to d ...
FIGURE LEGENDS FIGURE 46.1 Lateral viewof a human brain
... FIGURE 46.2 Two drawings that were made by a patient with spatial neglect. The patient was asked to copy the two models (clock, house). In each case, the copies exclude important elements that appeared on the left side of the model, indicating that the patient was unable to process information about ...
... FIGURE 46.2 Two drawings that were made by a patient with spatial neglect. The patient was asked to copy the two models (clock, house). In each case, the copies exclude important elements that appeared on the left side of the model, indicating that the patient was unable to process information about ...
2) Classical Conditioning
... after a rest period, and this is called "Spontaneous Recovery". Pavlov concluded that the conditional reflex is not entirely lost during extinction, but possibly inhibited. In this state, the behavior can be recovered after the passage of time or the recurrence of the unconditional stimuli. ...
... after a rest period, and this is called "Spontaneous Recovery". Pavlov concluded that the conditional reflex is not entirely lost during extinction, but possibly inhibited. In this state, the behavior can be recovered after the passage of time or the recurrence of the unconditional stimuli. ...
A coincidence detector neural network model of selective attention
... specificity it requires hinders the formulation of vague theories. We have implemented a coincidence detector neural network model of selective attention that accounts for the basic pattern of results obtained in perceptual load experiments, explains how cues may interact with perceptual load, and t ...
... specificity it requires hinders the formulation of vague theories. We have implemented a coincidence detector neural network model of selective attention that accounts for the basic pattern of results obtained in perceptual load experiments, explains how cues may interact with perceptual load, and t ...
Famous Experiments
... Continuous reinforcement—Reward every time behavior occurs fixed ratio schedule—same amount of reward every time behavior occurs fixed interval schedule—reward given if behavior occurs in set amount of time ...
... Continuous reinforcement—Reward every time behavior occurs fixed ratio schedule—same amount of reward every time behavior occurs fixed interval schedule—reward given if behavior occurs in set amount of time ...
Background Presentation
... • No enhanced response when the monkey saccades to a stimulus outside the receptive field (or in total darkness) ...
... • No enhanced response when the monkey saccades to a stimulus outside the receptive field (or in total darkness) ...
Behaviorism
... – Punishment can involve adding something (paying a fine, staying after school) or involve removing something you like (losing recess time, leaving your friends) – In both cases, adding something or removing something, you perceive it as “bad” and as a result, you exhibit the behavior less. ...
... – Punishment can involve adding something (paying a fine, staying after school) or involve removing something you like (losing recess time, leaving your friends) – In both cases, adding something or removing something, you perceive it as “bad” and as a result, you exhibit the behavior less. ...
Ch 8 (Student MCQs etc)
... cones are of three types, which are selective to different, if overlapping, ranges of light wavelength. The information from the cones is reorganized in the retina to give green–red and blue–yellow opponent channels (see chapter 7). There is, in addition, a group of large retinal cells alongside the ...
... cones are of three types, which are selective to different, if overlapping, ranges of light wavelength. The information from the cones is reorganized in the retina to give green–red and blue–yellow opponent channels (see chapter 7). There is, in addition, a group of large retinal cells alongside the ...
Nonassociative Learning
... Habituation response to repeated stimulus stimulus specific Ignore biologically unimportant stimuli Universal in animal kingdom evolved early protozoans ...
... Habituation response to repeated stimulus stimulus specific Ignore biologically unimportant stimuli Universal in animal kingdom evolved early protozoans ...
Negative priming
Negative priming is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. It falls under the category of priming, which refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect. Negative priming describes the slow and error-prone reaction to a stimulus that is previously ignored. For example, a subject may be imagined trying to pick a red pen from a pen holder. The red pen becomes the target of attention, so the subject responds by moving their hand towards it. At this time, they mentally block out all other pens as distractors to aid in closing in on just the red pen. After repeatedly picking the red pen over the others, switching to the blue pen results in a momentary delay picking the pen out (however, there is a decline in the negative priming effect when there is more than one nontarget item that is selected against). The slow reaction due to the change of the distractor stimulus to target stimulus is called the negative priming effect.Negative priming is believed to play a crucial role in attention and memory retrieval processes. When stimuli are perceived through the senses, all the stimuli are encoded within the brain, where each stimulus has its own internal representation. In this perceiving process, some of the stimuli receive more attention than others. Similarly, only some of them are stored in short-term memory. Negative priming is highly related to the selective nature of attention and memory.Broadly, negative priming is also known as the mechanism by which inhibitory control is applied to cognition. This refers only to the inhibition stimuli that can interfere with the current short-term goal of creating a response. The effectiveness of inhibiting the interferences depends on the cognitive control mechanism as a higher number of distractors yields higher load on working memory. Increased load on working memory can in turn result in slower perceptual processing leading to delayed reaction. Therefore, negative priming effect depends on the amount of distractors, effectiveness of the cognitive control mechanism and the availability of the cognitive control resources.