Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... Abstract The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a frontal negative deflection in the human event-related potential that typically occurs when a repeating auditory stimulus changes in some manner. The MMN can be elicited by many kinds of stimulus change, varying from simple changes in a single stimulus fea ...
... Abstract The mismatch negativity (MMN) is a frontal negative deflection in the human event-related potential that typically occurs when a repeating auditory stimulus changes in some manner. The MMN can be elicited by many kinds of stimulus change, varying from simple changes in a single stimulus fea ...
Link to fulltext - Ernst Strüngmann Institute
... thereby reducing OSSS. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a crowding task in which they reported the identity of a peripheral letter flanked by letters on either side. We measured the critical spacing between the targets and flanking letters that allowed reliable identification. Cholinergic enhance ...
... thereby reducing OSSS. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a crowding task in which they reported the identity of a peripheral letter flanked by letters on either side. We measured the critical spacing between the targets and flanking letters that allowed reliable identification. Cholinergic enhance ...
In 1978 Mountcastle hypothesized that the smallest functional unit of
... In the somatosensory cortex, minicolumns have previously been shown to not only be cortical structures, but to be functional entities as well. However, research of their functional role in cortical information processing has been limited. The main focus of the research in this manuscript was to asse ...
... In the somatosensory cortex, minicolumns have previously been shown to not only be cortical structures, but to be functional entities as well. However, research of their functional role in cortical information processing has been limited. The main focus of the research in this manuscript was to asse ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... a real-time computational model allowed the generation of an explicitly testable theory of hippocampal function. Also adopting a computational approach, Schmajuk and Moore (1985, 1988, 1989) and Schmajuk and DiCarlo (1991a, 1991b) studied and compared different theories of hippocampal function in cl ...
... a real-time computational model allowed the generation of an explicitly testable theory of hippocampal function. Also adopting a computational approach, Schmajuk and Moore (1985, 1988, 1989) and Schmajuk and DiCarlo (1991a, 1991b) studied and compared different theories of hippocampal function in cl ...
Persistent vulnerability to relapse despite complete extinction of
... Craving often precedes relapse into cocaine addiction. This explains why considerable research effort is being expended to try to develop anti-craving strategies for relapse prevention. Recently, we discovered using the classic reinstatement model of cocaine craving that the reinstating or priming e ...
... Craving often precedes relapse into cocaine addiction. This explains why considerable research effort is being expended to try to develop anti-craving strategies for relapse prevention. Recently, we discovered using the classic reinstatement model of cocaine craving that the reinstating or priming e ...
Saccade performance in the nasal and temporal
... of the right eye and the lateral rectus of the left eye. It is assumed that the OPNs synchronize the activity of the IBNs and EBNs before the saccade starts and it is important for the velocity of the of the saccade that the lateral and medial rectus of the left and right eyes, respectively, are in ...
... of the right eye and the lateral rectus of the left eye. It is assumed that the OPNs synchronize the activity of the IBNs and EBNs before the saccade starts and it is important for the velocity of the of the saccade that the lateral and medial rectus of the left and right eyes, respectively, are in ...
Spatial and Temporal Structure of Receptive Fields in Primate
... distributed randomly within a rectangular region 28 mm wide and 250 mm (first monkey) or 175 mm (second monkey) long (for details, see DiC arlo et al., 1998). Dots were randomly distributed within this rectangular region with a mean density of 10 dots/cm 2. Each dot was 400 mm high (relief from the ...
... distributed randomly within a rectangular region 28 mm wide and 250 mm (first monkey) or 175 mm (second monkey) long (for details, see DiC arlo et al., 1998). Dots were randomly distributed within this rectangular region with a mean density of 10 dots/cm 2. Each dot was 400 mm high (relief from the ...
NIH Public Access
... Using other behavioral models, evidence indicates that new learning is occurring during the extinction training experience [4,20,21]. This new learning may be dependent upon the activation of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), and either blocking NMDARs with antagonists or enhancing NMDAR acti ...
... Using other behavioral models, evidence indicates that new learning is occurring during the extinction training experience [4,20,21]. This new learning may be dependent upon the activation of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), and either blocking NMDARs with antagonists or enhancing NMDAR acti ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... to their association. As the result of association, the conditioned stimulus becomes, according to Pavlov, a "substitute" for the unconditioned stimulus and evokes a response similar to that observed to the unconditioned stimulus presented alone (24). In contrast to that in instrumental canditionin ...
... to their association. As the result of association, the conditioned stimulus becomes, according to Pavlov, a "substitute" for the unconditioned stimulus and evokes a response similar to that observed to the unconditioned stimulus presented alone (24). In contrast to that in instrumental canditionin ...
Can the negative deflections found with EEG on frontocentral
... on visual comparisons of scalp distributions and dipole sourse localization between studies. To statisticly test whether 2 negative deflections are the same, studies have to compared two negative deflections directly. The first direct comparison we mention is between the N200 and the ERN (van Veen e ...
... on visual comparisons of scalp distributions and dipole sourse localization between studies. To statisticly test whether 2 negative deflections are the same, studies have to compared two negative deflections directly. The first direct comparison we mention is between the N200 and the ERN (van Veen e ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... location just before the saccade, and to the adjacent, counter-clockwise, location just before that. We focused our analysis on decoding the shift of attention between these locations because, as noted above, there were fewer trials with a greater (3 or 4) number of shifts of attention. To capture t ...
... location just before the saccade, and to the adjacent, counter-clockwise, location just before that. We focused our analysis on decoding the shift of attention between these locations because, as noted above, there were fewer trials with a greater (3 or 4) number of shifts of attention. To capture t ...
Alterations to multisensory and unisensory integration by stimulus
... The electrode (tip diameter 1–3 m, impedance 2–3.5 M⍀ at 1 kHz) was positioned on a microdrive stage and lowered into the SC. After reaching the superficial layers of the SC, the electrode was advanced with the hydraulic microdrive while monitoring neural activity and presenting search stimuli. Sin ...
... The electrode (tip diameter 1–3 m, impedance 2–3.5 M⍀ at 1 kHz) was positioned on a microdrive stage and lowered into the SC. After reaching the superficial layers of the SC, the electrode was advanced with the hydraulic microdrive while monitoring neural activity and presenting search stimuli. Sin ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... lateral inhibitory network effectively activated by translating and looming stimuli (Fig. 1A) (Gabbiani et al. 2002; O’Shea and Rowell 1975). In addition, the LGMD receives direct feed-forward inhibition onto two separate dendritic subfields (labeled B and C in Fig. 1A) (O’Shea and Williams 1974; Ro ...
... lateral inhibitory network effectively activated by translating and looming stimuli (Fig. 1A) (Gabbiani et al. 2002; O’Shea and Rowell 1975). In addition, the LGMD receives direct feed-forward inhibition onto two separate dendritic subfields (labeled B and C in Fig. 1A) (O’Shea and Williams 1974; Ro ...
A Subjective Distance Between Stimuli: Quantifying the Metric
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
... definite matrix representing the scalar product. Condition 4 imposes symmetry among the components of the vectors, which means that M must be proportional to the unit matrix. Therefore, out of all the distances that have a scalar product associated with them, the only one that fulfills condition 4 i ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... to different switching periods, we aligned the normalized mean currents for different switching periods at the end of the first, stereotyped component following the luminance increase (Figure 2F). The trajectories diverge from this common starting point. Thus the time constant of luminance adaptatio ...
... to different switching periods, we aligned the normalized mean currents for different switching periods at the end of the first, stereotyped component following the luminance increase (Figure 2F). The trajectories diverge from this common starting point. Thus the time constant of luminance adaptatio ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
Predictive Coding as a Model of Biased Competition in Visual
... Hence, PC, in common with several previous theories (e.g., Barlow, 1994; Mumford, 1992), hypothesises that cortical feedback connections act to suppress information which is predicted by higher-level cortical regions. It has previously been noted (Hamker, 2006; Koch and Poggio, 1999) that this role ...
... Hence, PC, in common with several previous theories (e.g., Barlow, 1994; Mumford, 1992), hypothesises that cortical feedback connections act to suppress information which is predicted by higher-level cortical regions. It has previously been noted (Hamker, 2006; Koch and Poggio, 1999) that this role ...
Is In-out asymmetry diagnostic of visual crowding? Ramakrishna
... Petrov et al. (2007) proposed that demonstration of IOA should be considered diagnostic of crowding. However, IOA is not observed in all situations. For example, Petrov and Meleshkevich (2011a) found that, in the specific setup they used, IOA was present only in the horizontal meridian and not at ot ...
... Petrov et al. (2007) proposed that demonstration of IOA should be considered diagnostic of crowding. However, IOA is not observed in all situations. For example, Petrov and Meleshkevich (2011a) found that, in the specific setup they used, IOA was present only in the horizontal meridian and not at ot ...
Task demands determine the specificity of the search template Mary
... targets images were new exemplars of the same fish species used for training. Testing involved 10 blocks of 36 trials, and 80% of the trials had a target. This percentage of present trials was the same as during training, and it allowed us to maximize the usable data we could collect in a session. U ...
... targets images were new exemplars of the same fish species used for training. Testing involved 10 blocks of 36 trials, and 80% of the trials had a target. This percentage of present trials was the same as during training, and it allowed us to maximize the usable data we could collect in a session. U ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 9, Room lE104, Bethesda, ...
... of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 9, Room lE104, Bethesda, ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
... Single-unit recording studies in the monkey have provided detailed, quantitative descriptions of how attention alters visual cortical neuron responses. When attention is directed to a location inside the receptive field (RF), the neuron’s contrast-response threshold is reduced, enabling it to respon ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... particular target side against bilateral target-with-distractor trials for that target side. This was done separately for each target side to examine any impact of inter-hemifield distractor competition on the occipital response contralateral to each target. In this way, we could take advantage of t ...
... particular target side against bilateral target-with-distractor trials for that target side. This was done separately for each target side to examine any impact of inter-hemifield distractor competition on the occipital response contralateral to each target. In this way, we could take advantage of t ...
(2010) Surround suppression sharpens the priority map in the lateral
... could be achieved in the brain by enhancing the neural activity encoding the location of the task-relevant stimulus or by suppressing the neural activity associated with the location of the task-irrelevant stimulus. In principle, an efficient neural strategy ...
... could be achieved in the brain by enhancing the neural activity encoding the location of the task-relevant stimulus or by suppressing the neural activity associated with the location of the task-irrelevant stimulus. In principle, an efficient neural strategy ...
Negative priming
Negative priming is an implicit memory effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus. It falls under the category of priming, which refers to the change in the response towards a stimulus due to a subconscious memory effect. Negative priming describes the slow and error-prone reaction to a stimulus that is previously ignored. For example, a subject may be imagined trying to pick a red pen from a pen holder. The red pen becomes the target of attention, so the subject responds by moving their hand towards it. At this time, they mentally block out all other pens as distractors to aid in closing in on just the red pen. After repeatedly picking the red pen over the others, switching to the blue pen results in a momentary delay picking the pen out (however, there is a decline in the negative priming effect when there is more than one nontarget item that is selected against). The slow reaction due to the change of the distractor stimulus to target stimulus is called the negative priming effect.Negative priming is believed to play a crucial role in attention and memory retrieval processes. When stimuli are perceived through the senses, all the stimuli are encoded within the brain, where each stimulus has its own internal representation. In this perceiving process, some of the stimuli receive more attention than others. Similarly, only some of them are stored in short-term memory. Negative priming is highly related to the selective nature of attention and memory.Broadly, negative priming is also known as the mechanism by which inhibitory control is applied to cognition. This refers only to the inhibition stimuli that can interfere with the current short-term goal of creating a response. The effectiveness of inhibiting the interferences depends on the cognitive control mechanism as a higher number of distractors yields higher load on working memory. Increased load on working memory can in turn result in slower perceptual processing leading to delayed reaction. Therefore, negative priming effect depends on the amount of distractors, effectiveness of the cognitive control mechanism and the availability of the cognitive control resources.