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De Bruijn Graphs for DNA Sequencing (Part 1)
De Bruijn Graphs for DNA Sequencing (Part 1)

... an alternative sequencing method. Nobody believed it will ever work •  1991: Light directed polymer synthesis developed by Steve Fodor and colleagues. ...
B. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
B. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases

... A. Coding and Template DNA strands 1. Coding DNA a) This is the DNA strand that is complimentary to the DNA strand being transcribed (1) It's sequence will be identical (not complimentary) to the RNA molecule synthesized from the coding strand (a) Except Ts replace Us b) The coding strand sequence i ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... Alternative Splicing (of Exons) • How is it possible that there are millions of human antibodies when there are only about 30,000 genes? • Alternative splicing refers to the different ways the exons of a gene may be combined, producing different forms of proteins within the same gene-coding region ...
Powerpoint summary
Powerpoint summary

... Biotech Time Line Humans domesticate crops and livestock ...
Computational Biology
Computational Biology

The promiscuous primase
The promiscuous primase

... DNA primases are essential for the initiation of DNA replication and progression of the replication fork. Recent phylogenetic analyses coupled with biochemical and structural studies have revealed that the arrangement of catalytic residues within the archaeal and eukaryotic primase has significant s ...
fragments
fragments

... "In the future we might be able to use these epigenetic biomarkers to determine your ancestral and personal exposure early in life and to predict your susceptibility to get a disease later in life," Skinner said. The study was funded by the U.S. Army to study pollutants that troops might be exposed ...
DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: In
DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: In

... After digestion of the gene with 0.15 unit of DNase I for 15 min at 200C (b), fragments of 10-50 bases were purified from an agarose gel (c). (d) Purified fragments were reassembled into a full-length gene at a high fragment concentration (30 ng/pJ) in the absence of primers. The average size of the ...
8.1 Why Do Cells Divide?
8.1 Why Do Cells Divide?

... chromosome is replicated. • The duplicated chromosomes then consist of two DNA double helixes and associated proteins that are attached to each other at the centromere. Each of the duplicated chromosomes attached at the centromere is called a sister chromatid. • During mitotic cell division, the sis ...
Chpt11_TxnPromoters.doc
Chpt11_TxnPromoters.doc

... examined) but the bound DNA will not be modified at any critical contact points. The methylated DNA is then isolated, cleaved (with piperidine at high temperature, just like a Maxam and Gilbert sequencing reaction) and resolved on a denaturing gel. The critical contact points will be identified by t ...
Transcription. (Ms. Shivani Bhagwat)
Transcription. (Ms. Shivani Bhagwat)

... RNA polymerase II All genes that are transcribed and expressed via mRNA are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Transcription copies the DNA code of a gene and converts it to high mol mass nuclear RNA (hnRNA), which is precessed to mRNA. The mRNA will be used at the ribosome to make polypeptides (prot ...
Genetic Markers for Sex Identification in Forensic DNA Analysis
Genetic Markers for Sex Identification in Forensic DNA Analysis

... In forensic casework there is often a need to determine the sex of an individual based on DNA evidence in instances such as identification of victims of mass disaster, missing persons investigations, and sexual assault cases. Analysis of Y-specific target sequences on the Y chromosome is a largely e ...
Alpha -antitrypsin  alleles  in  patients  with ... emphysema,  detected  by  DNA  amplification ...
Alpha -antitrypsin alleles in patients with ... emphysema, detected by DNA amplification ...

... normal M allele [6]. The product of the S allele gives a serum concentration of 60% of that associated with the normal allele. Individuals with the phenotype PiZ are at great risk of developing pulmonary emphysema as about 85% have pulmonary features of this disease (5]. PiS is only a risk factor in ...
Recognition of an organism from fragments of its complete genome
Recognition of an organism from fragments of its complete genome

... and thymine (t). Some significant results have been obtained for the longrange correlation in DNA sequences 关1–16兴. Li and Kaneko 关1兴 found that the spectral density of a DNA sequence containing mostly introns shows 1/f ␤ behavior, which indicates the presence of long-range correlation when 0⬍ ␤ ⬍1. ...
Dynamics and control of DNA sequence amplification
Dynamics and control of DNA sequence amplification

pdf
pdf

... single operator (and thus operator binding can use only one of the 100 repressor dimers), the distribution of the repressor to nonspecific sites will predominate in terms of determining the fraction of repressor molecules that are not bound to DNA. Since each base pair in the E. coli genome is the b ...
Cot-1 banding of human chromosomes using fluorescence
Cot-1 banding of human chromosomes using fluorescence

... genomic D N A probe when Southern blots or in situ hybridization are performed. Here, we used Cot-1 DNA as a hybridization probe for FISH to investigate the distribution of Cot-1 DNA sequences on human metaphase chromosomes and compared the banding pattern with Q-banding, R-banding and Alu hybridiza ...
Cloning of genes from genomic DNA: Part 3
Cloning of genes from genomic DNA: Part 3

... be ligated together efficiently in the next step. Why does each oligonucleotide primer (each end of the PCR product) have a different restriction enzyme site? To keep it simple, we could have just put an XbaI site on each primer. Then, we would cut both the PCR product and the plasmid with only XbaI ...
Two postdoctoral researchers
Two postdoctoral researchers

... > their career in the area of fish immunology. Two 4 and a half> year contracts are available starting in late 2011 to work on > the ERC Starting grant-funded project "Teleost B-lymphocytes, > the equivalent of mammalian B1 lymphocytes?" under the > supervision of Dr. Carolina Tafalla at the Centro ...
Deciphering the role of DNA methylation in multiple sclerosis
Deciphering the role of DNA methylation in multiple sclerosis

... In MS, a great effort of collaborative studies has been made in the last decade to define the genetic architecture of MS. These efforts have yielded, till now, 110 genetic risk factors of MS [9]. However, these variants along with HLA loci can account only for about 27 % of the apparent MS heritabil ...
Principals of General Zoology (Zoo-103)
Principals of General Zoology (Zoo-103)

...  Most cells of eukaryotic organisms are diploid; that contain two sets of chromosomes. In the diploid state, members of the same chromosome pair are referred to as homologous chromosome, or homologs. One member of each pair comes from each parent.  Humans have 23 homologous chromosome pairs, which ...
S4O3 Pretest 2015-2016
S4O3 Pretest 2015-2016

... model a piece of DNA. You have decided that each part of DNA will be represented by a different type of toy piece. You have chosen the following four pieces so far: adenine = large red cube; guanine = large green cube, thymine = small orange cube; cytosine = small blue cube. How many other types of ...
CHAPTER 14 DNA applications in society
CHAPTER 14 DNA applications in society

... single amino acid difference between pig insulin and human insulin. Because insulin from pigs and cattle is not a perfect match to human insulin, there is also the risk of allergic reactions occurring in some people. ...
The past, present and future of plant breeding
The past, present and future of plant breeding

... is only one of the many possibilities we have to make plants respond better to our needs. In this VIB Fact series issue, we outline how the crops we know today have evolved from nature, with particular emphasis on the role humans have played. Since agriculture began around 10,000 years ago, humans h ...
Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis
Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis

... Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the surrounding medium. Transformation depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be designed to carry out this process (Chen and Dubnau, 2004; Johnsborg et al., 20 ...
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DNA supercoil



DNA supercoiling refers to the over- or under-winding of a DNA strand, and is an expression of the strain on that strand. Supercoiling is important in a number of biological processes, such as compacting DNA. Additionally, certain enzymes such as topoisomerases are able to change DNA topology to facilitate functions such as DNA replication or transcription. Mathematical expressions are used to describe supercoiling by comparing different coiled states to relaxed B-form DNA.As a general rule, the DNA of most organisms is negatively supercoiled.
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