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... from natural transposable elements and vice versa. Since viruses move between individuals, at least some transposable elements can move between genomes (between individuals) as well as within an individual’s genome. Given their prevalence in genomes, the function (if any) of transposable elements ha ...
Chapter 6 – Exam style questions Q1. Bk Ch6 Exam MQ1 What is
Chapter 6 – Exam style questions Q1. Bk Ch6 Exam MQ1 What is

... species. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for this. ...
Descriptors for genetic markers technologies
Descriptors for genetic markers technologies

Virus on virus infects bacterium
Virus on virus infects bacterium

... cholerae that express TCP can form transferable bacteriophage particles. Perhaps most of the TcpA is incorporated into a colonization pilus, and the remainder is used to coat the DNA in infectious phage particles (but only in those strains that can produce transferable phage). Interestingly, those s ...
exercises - Evolutionary Genomics Group
exercises - Evolutionary Genomics Group

... A program has been written which accesses the NCBI webpage, downloads the individual GenBank files and puts them together. The resulting GenBank file contains multiple GenBank files pasted together, one after another. The program is called getgbk and uses a GPID or a NCBI accession number as an argu ...
Murine herpesvirus 68 is genetically related to the
Murine herpesvirus 68 is genetically related to the

... properties of a virus are ultimately determined by its genetic content, it follows that the members of any one subgroup will be genetically related. However, the limitations of using subjective biological criteria for the classification of herpesviruses are best illustrated by considering Marek's di ...
Archaeal Transcription Initiation - IMBB
Archaeal Transcription Initiation - IMBB

... Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and Methanobacterium formicicum, and five in Methanococcus jannaschii, two of which are plasmid-encoded (Bult et al., 1996; Grayling et al., 1996). In most cases, the primary sequences of the archaeal histones within one species are more similar to each other tha ...
CHROMOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES

... Chromosomes are formed of DNA which is embedded in protein material ...
Document
Document

... Polyploidy tolerated in plants because of self-fertilization; plays an important role in plant speciation and diversification. ...
ANSWER - Issaquah Connect
ANSWER - Issaquah Connect

... controlled rate of cell division. Cancer cells have lost the ability to control division. Mutations have occurred within the genes that code for genes that regulate cell division. Can you remember which genes these are? ...
infection
infection

... “Hi, Kurt. It’s Jenna. I looked at the results. The take-home message from all of this seems to be that there is a new strain of MRSA lurking—one that lacks any identifiable risk factors.” “Exactly, Jenna. This new strain appears to be community-acquired. We had seen it in three pediatric patients be ...
Molecular characterization of dioxygenases from polycyclic aromatic
Molecular characterization of dioxygenases from polycyclic aromatic

... degraders, were positive in both tests. From the three positive strains, complete open reading frames of the nidA and nidB genes were amplified by PCR, using primers designed according to the known nidA and nidB sequences from PYR-1, cloned in the pBAD/ThioTOPO vector and sequenced. The sequences sh ...
Journal of Biotechnology
Journal of Biotechnology

... steps involved in library preparation and NGS sequencing (data not shown). Similar structures are also the cause of three larger gaps (172 bp, 200 bp, and 451 bp) whilst the remaining 6 intra-scaffold gaps are due to two small and four large repetitive elements. In contrast, the gaps between scaffol ...
Scoring Guidelines - Ohio Assessment Systems
Scoring Guidelines - Ohio Assessment Systems

Clamp loader structure predicts the architecture of DNA polymerase
Clamp loader structure predicts the architecture of DNA polymerase

... accessible to β may be one in which the amino-terminal domain of δ′ interacts more extensively with the aminoterminal, β-interactive, domain of δ. Given very few modeling operations (explained in [17]) a hypothetical ‘closed’ structure can be formed in which the amino-terminal domains of all five su ...
Effects of population structure on DNA fingerprint analysis
Effects of population structure on DNA fingerprint analysis

... more general population structures. In this paper we draw on the current knowledge of the genetics of human populations to seek a reasonable upper bound on R'. First, we discuss sampling from a population with the structure specified by hypothesis 1' and we introduce three parameters commonly used t ...
Yeast as a Model Genetic Organism
Yeast as a Model Genetic Organism

... When diploid budding yeast are starved of nutrients, they can undergo meiosis to generate four haploid spores (Figures 1 and 2). Spores are more resistant to the environment than are vegetatively dividing cells. The four spores of a single meiosis are held together in an ascus, or tetrad, surrounded ...
Gill: Gene Regulation II
Gill: Gene Regulation II

... • Transcription factors can bind key genomic sites, preventing/repelling the binding of – The RNA polymerase machinery – Activating transcription factors (including via competitive binding) • Some transcription factors have stereotypical roles as activators or repressors. Likely many can do both (in ...
Table 7. Summary statistics for the consensus gene set of Haliotis
Table 7. Summary statistics for the consensus gene set of Haliotis

... Abalone is one of the most important marine gastropod molluscs that inhabits various coastal regions of the world. It is well known that abalone habitation impacts algal communications connected with the reef ecosystem, so they are often utilized for ecological research[2]. Among many abalone specie ...
Biotechnology in Livestock Improvement
Biotechnology in Livestock Improvement

... structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew). Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what looks like rungs on a twisted ladder. This structure showed that genetic information exists in th ...
sets of metaphors in multilevel cognitive models
sets of metaphors in multilevel cognitive models

... metaphorization (Sedov, 2000). These analogies are much deeper than the shallow similarities: as all the living beings as many of human-made creations, and also our thought and mind itself, are shown to be the self-referential informational systems with digital-analogic duality and interactions (Ho ...
Deconstructing the Genome: DNA at High Resolution
Deconstructing the Genome: DNA at High Resolution

... released from the nuclei of cells at specific sites. These welldefined cuts generate fragments suitable for manipulation and characterization. A restriction enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of bases anywhere within the genome and then severs two covalent bonds (one in each strand) in the sugar- ...
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets
http://www.life.umd.edu/grad/mlfsc/ DNA Bracelets

1 - life.illinois.edu
1 - life.illinois.edu

... DNA). The lambda phage grown on the E. coli K (P1) host is modified for both K and P1 sites so they are resistant to both K and P1 restriction systems. b. In a second experiment, they labeled lambda DNA of phage growing in E. coli K (P1) with 32P so that the newly synthesized DNA in the phage was ra ...
Distinct Contributions of Replication and Transcription to Mutation
Distinct Contributions of Replication and Transcription to Mutation

... distinct influences on human genes, such as significantly increased mutation rates in TS genes but a weaker effect on HK genes. Third, mutation pressure from transcription-associated processes contributes more to the mutation rate of HK genes but exhibits weaker effect on TS genes. Our results furth ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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