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Microbiology
Microbiology

... subti/is PAP115. Integrative plasmids containing DNA fragments with deletions in the coding region oC the genes were constructed and used to replace the chromosomal egis, bg/S and xynA genes of B. subtilis 168. Strains without any detectable activity against xylan (Xyn-), carboxymethylcellulose(Egl- ...
Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii by PCR
Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii by PCR

... caused by the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The infection is usually asymptomatic and harmless in immunocompetent patients, but can be life-threatening or responsible for severe sequelae in immunocompromised individuals, such as fetuses, HIV-positive, and transplant patients. In ...
Homologous Chromosome www.AssignmentPoint.com A couple of
Homologous Chromosome www.AssignmentPoint.com A couple of

... (DNA) and histone proteins, which forms a complex called chromatin. Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, for genes with the same corresponding loci. One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism ...
Name
Name

... the same complement of genes with one member of the pair inherited from the father and the other from the mother. Chromosomes that are homologous are almost always the same size, have their centromeres in the same position and carry the same number and type of genes. (An exception to this rule will ...
Name
Name

... Suppose you had 23 pairs of gloves. You would have a total of 46 gloves that you could divide into two sets, 23 right and 23 left. Similarly, your body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 that can be divided into two sets: 23 from your mother and 23 from your father. Just as you use ...
The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: evolutionary
The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: evolutionary

... mtDNA as a molecular tool, since it allows resolution of both intraspecific phylogenies (e.g. Avise et a/., 1987) and the higher level systematics of anciently diverged taxa (e.g. Ballard et a/., 1992). It is well known that different genes may evolve at different rates, and the same gene may have d ...
Complete Laboratory PDF
Complete Laboratory PDF

... with a number of previously mapped genes or DNA markers. Linkage is the principle that the closer two genes or markers are located to one another on a chromosome, the greater the chance that they will be inherited together as a unit (linked). Conversely, locations farther apart on the chromosome are ...
7. glossory - Shodhganga
7. glossory - Shodhganga

... Recurrence risk: The probability that a genetic disorder present in one or more members of a family will recur in another member of the same or a subsequent generation. Retinoblastoma [Rb]: Rb is a rare, highly malignant cancer of the developing retinal cells. It can occur either sporadically or be ...
Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance

... DNA’s bond with associated proteins. Mutations can convert inactive DNA sequences into active genes, or inactivate functional genes  may be a source of new alleles in natural ...
imbalances within regions containing large
imbalances within regions containing large

... only if it has been observed in other patients with similar phenotypes or is associated with regions containing genes which may have contributed to the abnormal phenotype. ¾ Aberrations observed by either DNA microarray or subtelomeric FISH studies that have not been associated with a specific pheno ...
$doc.title

... the  cutAndSplice  method.   The   code   given   to   you   will   pop-­‐up   a   file-­‐dialog   box   —   when   run   you   can   use   this   to   navigate   to   either  ecolimed.dat,   which   is   a   smaller   strand  of  DNA   ...
Genes and RNA
Genes and RNA

... Although RNA and DNA are both nucleic acids, RNA differs in several important ways: 1. RNA is a single-stranded nucleotide chain, not a double helix. One consequence of this is that RNA can form a much greater variety of complex three-dimensional molecular shapes than can double-stranded DNA. 2. RNA ...
View PDF - SciTechnol
View PDF - SciTechnol

... primers was developed, one of which amplifies the bovine FANCI gene for BS-associated allele detection, while the other amplified the bovine mitochondrial ATP8 gene as an internal positive control. The ATP8 gene, encoding 66 amino acids, is expressed in normal animal cells, and is used to determine ...
Ernest Just - CPO Science
Ernest Just - CPO Science

... in 1900. In 1901 he left Kansas for Columbia University in New York City. There Sutton received a graduate fellowship in zoology. In 1902, Sutton wrote a paper after hearing about the work of Gregor Mendel involving heredity with pea plants. In this paper, Sutton provided evidence that chromosomes c ...
Bioinformatics - Sequences and Computers
Bioinformatics - Sequences and Computers

... nucleotides in DNA. DNA serves two purposes: to provide the information during the life cycle of a cell and to pass it on to offspring. The discovery of genes and the genetic code triggered the hope to be able to read the information stored in our genes, and today we are able to do so: massive progr ...
Identification of a Class of Chromatin Boundary Elements
Identification of a Class of Chromatin Boundary Elements

... interband loci. To see if these sites represent a class of boundary elements that have BEAF in common, we have isolated and studied several genomic BEAF binding sites as candidate boundary elements (cBEs). BEAF binds with high affinity to clustered, variably arranged CGATA motifs present in these cB ...
Cell Structure and Function
Cell Structure and Function

... surface of bacteria • May stabilize membrane • Bacterium can vary structure to evade immune system • Can cause shock ...
Explaining the Likelihood Ratio in DNA Mixture
Explaining the Likelihood Ratio in DNA Mixture

... 3. our increased belief in a match to a suspect, based on the inferred evidence genotype. The second LR formulation prevails in forensic DNA. While natural for computers and statisticians, non-mathematicians often find its formulas opaque. In this paper, we describe the other two formulations as int ...
Explaining the Likelihood Ratio in DNA Mixture Interpretation
Explaining the Likelihood Ratio in DNA Mixture Interpretation

... 3. our increased belief in a match to a suspect, based on the inferred evidence genotype. The second LR formulation prevails in forensic DNA. While natural for computers and statisticians, non-mathematicians often find its formulas opaque. In this paper, we describe the other two formulations as int ...
Radiation Hybrid Mapping: A Somatic Cell Genetic Method for
Radiation Hybrid Mapping: A Somatic Cell Genetic Method for

... chromosome corresponds to 1 megabase pairs (Mb) of DNA. In situ hybridization can localize markers to within 2 percent of total chromosome length, but in molecular terms, this again represents several million base pairs. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which can separate DNA fragments of se ...
Nucleolar caspase-2: Protecting us from DNA damage
Nucleolar caspase-2: Protecting us from DNA damage

... camptothecin, a similar phenotype to what they observed with PIDD depletion by siRNA. Supporting this observation, NPM1 depletion inhibited caspase-2 cleavage after DNA damage in ...
Li, H., and Baker, B. S.
Li, H., and Baker, B. S.

... The tra and tra-2 products also direct the splicing of fru premRNA into a female-specific mRNA (Ryner et al., 1996). In males, default splicing of fru pre-mRNA produces the malespecific fru mRNAs (Ryner et al., 1996). The male-specific fru products act only in a small part of the CNS where they are ...
Genes are - GZ @ Science Class Online
Genes are - GZ @ Science Class Online

... chromosomes come in pairs for each trait, there will be two possible alleles. These different versions of genes (alleles) occur as the DNA base sequence is different. This combination of alleles for each trait is called the genotype; this can be any combination of two of the available alleles. The g ...
PDF File
PDF File

... istics and thus not under selection) and independent (not on the same chromosome). Neutral markers are important because they give an indication of the amount of time that non-interbreeding populations have been separated; independent markers are important because they allow acquisition of several s ...
PHYCOCYANIN ALPHA AND BETA SUBUNITS OF Anabaena
PHYCOCYANIN ALPHA AND BETA SUBUNITS OF Anabaena

... activating the caspase activities that are associated with the extrinsic cell death pathway ...
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Extrachromosomal DNA



Extrachromosomal DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is also referred to as extranuclear DNA or cytoplasmic DNA. Most DNA in an individual genome is found in chromosomes but DNA found outside of the nucleus also serves important biological functions.In prokaryotes, nonviral extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in plasmids whereas in eukaryotes extrachromosomal DNA is primarily found in organelles. Mitochondrial DNA is a main source of this extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Extrachromosomal DNA is often used in research of replication because it is easy to identify and isolate.Extrachromosomal DNA was found to be structurally different from nuclear DNA. Cytoplasmic DNA is less methylated than DNA found within the nucleus. It was also confirmed that the sequences of cytoplasmic DNA was different from nuclear DNA in the same organism, showing that cytoplasmic DNAs are not simply fragments of nuclear DNA.In addition to DNA found outside of the nucleus in cells, infection of viral genomes also provides an example of extrachromosomal DNA.
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