Differential activity of Rickettsia rickettsii ompA and ompB promoter
... The ompA gene encodes an abundant outer membrane protein, contains one promoter, and has a relatively long 5' UTR of 134 nt (Cole e t al., 1982). Oligonucleotides directed to these sequences (see Fig. 2a) were synthesized on a Milligen/ Biosearch Cyclone Plus D N A synthesizer (Millipore). Upstream, ...
... The ompA gene encodes an abundant outer membrane protein, contains one promoter, and has a relatively long 5' UTR of 134 nt (Cole e t al., 1982). Oligonucleotides directed to these sequences (see Fig. 2a) were synthesized on a Milligen/ Biosearch Cyclone Plus D N A synthesizer (Millipore). Upstream, ...
Why Gene Duplication? ,
... free copies of the nucleolar organizer during oogenesis probably occurs on a much smaller scale, if it occurs at all. Nevertheless, the fact that a segment of the chromosome can engage in repeated DNA replication and disseminate its free copies, while the rest of the chromosomes are not involved in ...
... free copies of the nucleolar organizer during oogenesis probably occurs on a much smaller scale, if it occurs at all. Nevertheless, the fact that a segment of the chromosome can engage in repeated DNA replication and disseminate its free copies, while the rest of the chromosomes are not involved in ...
Section D - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
... • Some genes contain terminator sequences requiring an accessory factor, the rho protein (ρ) to mediated transcription termination. • Rho binds to specific sites in the singlestranded RNA. • Rho protein (hexameric protein) binds to certain RNA structure (72bp) • Rho hydrolyses ATP and moves along th ...
... • Some genes contain terminator sequences requiring an accessory factor, the rho protein (ρ) to mediated transcription termination. • Rho binds to specific sites in the singlestranded RNA. • Rho protein (hexameric protein) binds to certain RNA structure (72bp) • Rho hydrolyses ATP and moves along th ...
On the energy and material cost of gene duplication
... levels. The advantage of this system is that its regulation can be manipulated either through mutations or through artificial inducers. One such inducer is isopropyl-β-Dthiogalactoside (IPTG). IPTG induces the lac operon, but the cell does not gain any benefit from this induction, because unlike la ...
... levels. The advantage of this system is that its regulation can be manipulated either through mutations or through artificial inducers. One such inducer is isopropyl-β-Dthiogalactoside (IPTG). IPTG induces the lac operon, but the cell does not gain any benefit from this induction, because unlike la ...
mRNA
... Ribosome Association and Initiation of Translation • The initiation stage of translation brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits • First, a small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA • Then the small subunit moves along the mR ...
... Ribosome Association and Initiation of Translation • The initiation stage of translation brings together mRNA, a tRNA with the first amino acid, and the two ribosomal subunits • First, a small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA • Then the small subunit moves along the mR ...
8-Cell and Molecular Biology (Transcription)
... i. intrinsic transcription terminators where a hairpin structure forms within the nascent transcript that disrupts the mRNA-DNA-RNA polymerase ternary complex http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-transcription-426 ii. Rho-dependent transcription terminators that require Rho factor, an RNA he ...
... i. intrinsic transcription terminators where a hairpin structure forms within the nascent transcript that disrupts the mRNA-DNA-RNA polymerase ternary complex http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-transcription-426 ii. Rho-dependent transcription terminators that require Rho factor, an RNA he ...
The Basics: In Vitro Translation
... In standard translation reactions, purified RNA is used as a template for translation. "Linked" and "coupled" systems, on the other hand, use DNA as a template. RNA is transcribed from the DNA and subsequently translated without any purification. Such systems typically combine a prokaryotic phage RN ...
... In standard translation reactions, purified RNA is used as a template for translation. "Linked" and "coupled" systems, on the other hand, use DNA as a template. RNA is transcribed from the DNA and subsequently translated without any purification. Such systems typically combine a prokaryotic phage RN ...
Effect of shRNA knockdown of protein complex subunits on complex
... proteins, form a complex (Arp2/3 complex) that binds to the side of an actin filament and nucleates the formation of a new filament branch. Filament extension by Arp2 and Arp3 spearheads the molecular mechanism that supports a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell motility, cell shape and ...
... proteins, form a complex (Arp2/3 complex) that binds to the side of an actin filament and nucleates the formation of a new filament branch. Filament extension by Arp2 and Arp3 spearheads the molecular mechanism that supports a wide variety of cellular processes such as cell motility, cell shape and ...
Regulation
... lactose, derepresses the operon by inactivating the repressor. In this way, the enzymes for lactose utilization are induced. ...
... lactose, derepresses the operon by inactivating the repressor. In this way, the enzymes for lactose utilization are induced. ...
Microarray Analysis of Drosophila Development During
... Drosophila metamorphosis : results More detailed results Genes encoding enzymes in the glycolytic pathway are downregulated, suggesting that some cells temper their metabolic activity during metamorphosis. The figure shows the Glycolytic pathway. Enzymes with their gene present on the array are lis ...
... Drosophila metamorphosis : results More detailed results Genes encoding enzymes in the glycolytic pathway are downregulated, suggesting that some cells temper their metabolic activity during metamorphosis. The figure shows the Glycolytic pathway. Enzymes with their gene present on the array are lis ...
File
... The three enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose are transcribed and expressed cAMP binds to CAP regulatory protein, causing it to bind to the promoter of the lac operon The enzymes needed for lactose metabolism must be transcribed when lactose is present cAMP levels increase because glucose ...
... The three enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose are transcribed and expressed cAMP binds to CAP regulatory protein, causing it to bind to the promoter of the lac operon The enzymes needed for lactose metabolism must be transcribed when lactose is present cAMP levels increase because glucose ...
Highly specific imaging of mRNA in single cells by target RNA
... should be designed with none or minor secondary structure. Besides, multiple targeting sites on mRNA can be tested for improving the efficiency of hybridization and amplification. The second factor is the relatively low spatial resolution of amplification-based single-molecule imaging method. To pro ...
... should be designed with none or minor secondary structure. Besides, multiple targeting sites on mRNA can be tested for improving the efficiency of hybridization and amplification. The second factor is the relatively low spatial resolution of amplification-based single-molecule imaging method. To pro ...
Gene Expression Microarray Analysis of Archival FFPE Samples
... samples represent the largest source of archival biological material available for large retrospective prognostic studies of human cancer, with over 400 million FFPE samples estimated in existence. Challenging samples such as degraded or FFPE tissues have remained difficult for gene expression micro ...
... samples represent the largest source of archival biological material available for large retrospective prognostic studies of human cancer, with over 400 million FFPE samples estimated in existence. Challenging samples such as degraded or FFPE tissues have remained difficult for gene expression micro ...
Structure and Transcription of the singed Locus of Drosophila
... embryos from the reciprocal crosses between wild type and singed-3 showed that all three RNAs are maternally inherited with very little zygotic transcription in embryos. The mutation singed3 appears toseparatethe two requirements for singed function as it hasan extremeeffectuponbristle development, ...
... embryos from the reciprocal crosses between wild type and singed-3 showed that all three RNAs are maternally inherited with very little zygotic transcription in embryos. The mutation singed3 appears toseparatethe two requirements for singed function as it hasan extremeeffectuponbristle development, ...
Locked Nucleic Acid - LNA™
... thermal stability and improved discriminative power with respect to their nucleic acid targets. LNA™ can be mixed with DNA, RNA and other nucleic acid analogs using standard phosphoramidite synthesis chemistry. LNA™ oligonucleotides can easily be labeled with standard oligonucleotide tags such as DI ...
... thermal stability and improved discriminative power with respect to their nucleic acid targets. LNA™ can be mixed with DNA, RNA and other nucleic acid analogs using standard phosphoramidite synthesis chemistry. LNA™ oligonucleotides can easily be labeled with standard oligonucleotide tags such as DI ...
Gill: Genes Enrichment, Gene Regulation I
... Note that statistically you cannot just run individual tests on 1,000 different gene sets. You have to apply further statistical corrections, to account for the fact that even in 1,000 random experiments a handful may come out good by chance. (eg experiment = Throw a coin 10 times. Ask if it is bias ...
... Note that statistically you cannot just run individual tests on 1,000 different gene sets. You have to apply further statistical corrections, to account for the fact that even in 1,000 random experiments a handful may come out good by chance. (eg experiment = Throw a coin 10 times. Ask if it is bias ...
Gene Prediction - Compgenomics2010
... Viterbi algorithm then calculates the functional sequence X* such that P(X*|S) is the largest among all possible values of X. ...
... Viterbi algorithm then calculates the functional sequence X* such that P(X*|S) is the largest among all possible values of X. ...
Biology 6B
... araO creating a looped DNA structure that prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter. AraC is a positive regulator (enhancing transcription) when it binds to arabinose. The arabinose + araC product complex binds to the araI region containing the promoter for the araB, araA and araD struc ...
... araO creating a looped DNA structure that prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter. AraC is a positive regulator (enhancing transcription) when it binds to arabinose. The arabinose + araC product complex binds to the araI region containing the promoter for the araB, araA and araD struc ...
Upstream/Downstream Relation Detection of Signaling Molecules
... al classifies and reviews these methods, whose common part is that they use some correlation measure between genes and estimate an undirectional link between genes using this correlation (D’haeseleer et al., 2000). None of the methods enumerated above targets to find directional links from a molecul ...
... al classifies and reviews these methods, whose common part is that they use some correlation measure between genes and estimate an undirectional link between genes using this correlation (D’haeseleer et al., 2000). None of the methods enumerated above targets to find directional links from a molecul ...
Gene expression regulation and the lactase gene
... • Repeat sequences that do not code for proteins make up at least 50% of the human genome • Repeat sequences have no direct functions, but they are creating entirely new genes or modifying and reshuffling existing genes. ...
... • Repeat sequences that do not code for proteins make up at least 50% of the human genome • Repeat sequences have no direct functions, but they are creating entirely new genes or modifying and reshuffling existing genes. ...
Determining the nucleotide sequence and capsid
... analysis was amplified by PCR using a cDNA clone containing the capsid coding region of HiPV. The amplified DNA fragment, which corresponded to nts 7 749– 8 330 of the HiPV sequence, was labeled with horseradish peroxidase using an ECL direct nucleic acid labeling and detection system (Amersham). Pr ...
... analysis was amplified by PCR using a cDNA clone containing the capsid coding region of HiPV. The amplified DNA fragment, which corresponded to nts 7 749– 8 330 of the HiPV sequence, was labeled with horseradish peroxidase using an ECL direct nucleic acid labeling and detection system (Amersham). Pr ...
Characterization of cDNAs Induced in Meiotic Prophase in Lily
... plim plasmids contained cDNA fragments which were more than 80% of the lengths of their corresponding transcripts. 3.2. Specificity of Gene Transcription Transcription of the genes identified above were examined with respect to time specificity of expression during microsporogenesis as well as tissu ...
... plim plasmids contained cDNA fragments which were more than 80% of the lengths of their corresponding transcripts. 3.2. Specificity of Gene Transcription Transcription of the genes identified above were examined with respect to time specificity of expression during microsporogenesis as well as tissu ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.