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... – positive control – as levels of cAMP rise – so does CAP activation and the activity of the lac operon – negative control – as repressor activity decreases & the activity of the lac operon increases – THEREFORE: it is the allosteric state of the lac repressor that determines if transcription happen ...
... – positive control – as levels of cAMP rise – so does CAP activation and the activity of the lac operon – negative control – as repressor activity decreases & the activity of the lac operon increases – THEREFORE: it is the allosteric state of the lac repressor that determines if transcription happen ...
The origin of the RNA world: Co-evolution of genes and metabolism
... doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001 ...
... doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001 ...
Lab 9: Regulation of lactose metabolism
... The repressor protein has two binding sites— one is for binding the DNA of the operator site, the other is specific for binding galactoside molecules (lactose molecules and other galactosides that are analogs of lactose). As long as there is no lactose in the cell media, the repressor protein remai ...
... The repressor protein has two binding sites— one is for binding the DNA of the operator site, the other is specific for binding galactoside molecules (lactose molecules and other galactosides that are analogs of lactose). As long as there is no lactose in the cell media, the repressor protein remai ...
Lecture ten
... • alteration of gene expression by mechanisms outside of DNA structure • performed by a family of enzymes called histone methyltransferases • the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence is called epigenetic inheritance ...
... • alteration of gene expression by mechanisms outside of DNA structure • performed by a family of enzymes called histone methyltransferases • the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence is called epigenetic inheritance ...
From gene to protein in higher plant mitochondria
... Michel et al. [36]. In higher plant mitochondria group II introns are generally found in several genes, while only one instance of a recently acquired, unique group I intron has been found in the cox1 genes of Peperomia and some other higher plants [37, 38]. Group II (and group I) introns sometimes ...
... Michel et al. [36]. In higher plant mitochondria group II introns are generally found in several genes, while only one instance of a recently acquired, unique group I intron has been found in the cox1 genes of Peperomia and some other higher plants [37, 38]. Group II (and group I) introns sometimes ...
Arabidopsis VARIEGATED 3 encodes a chloroplast
... plastids susceptible to photo-oxidation. Interestingly, the promoter of nuclear-encoded phytoene desaturase is induced by ...
... plastids susceptible to photo-oxidation. Interestingly, the promoter of nuclear-encoded phytoene desaturase is induced by ...
Plant Molecular Biology
... by contrast, when the level of the MsRH2-1 RNA was raised by introducing the coding part of the gene under the control of the CaMV promoter, both the transgenic alfalfa and Arabidopsis lines exhibited dramatic alterations in plant morphology, including shorter stature, increased apical dominance, le ...
... by contrast, when the level of the MsRH2-1 RNA was raised by introducing the coding part of the gene under the control of the CaMV promoter, both the transgenic alfalfa and Arabidopsis lines exhibited dramatic alterations in plant morphology, including shorter stature, increased apical dominance, le ...
HYBRID PETRI NET REPRESENTATION OF GENE
... these genes as a table, represented the concentrations of proteins by di erential equations, and presented a result asserting that P-D axis can be formed by a set of genes with di erent activation thresholds. Now, we turn our attention to Petri net. The most attractive feature of Petri nets is that ...
... these genes as a table, represented the concentrations of proteins by di erential equations, and presented a result asserting that P-D axis can be formed by a set of genes with di erent activation thresholds. Now, we turn our attention to Petri net. The most attractive feature of Petri nets is that ...
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
... Interestingly, we found that expression of many pathogenesis-related (PR) genes remained at the basal level during PCD in NbPAF- and NbRpn9-silenced plants [10]. Transcription of those PR genes is highly induced during hypersensitive response- (HR) induced cell death caused by plant interaction with ...
... Interestingly, we found that expression of many pathogenesis-related (PR) genes remained at the basal level during PCD in NbPAF- and NbRpn9-silenced plants [10]. Transcription of those PR genes is highly induced during hypersensitive response- (HR) induced cell death caused by plant interaction with ...
The best-studied nuclear compartments are the
... associated with CBs, and that their association was dependent on the transcription activity of those genes. Furthermore, when U2 expression levels were increased by increasing the U2 copy number, their association with CBs was also elevated. This indicates that targeting of CBs to this chromosomal s ...
... associated with CBs, and that their association was dependent on the transcription activity of those genes. Furthermore, when U2 expression levels were increased by increasing the U2 copy number, their association with CBs was also elevated. This indicates that targeting of CBs to this chromosomal s ...
Bicoid mRNA - bthsresearch
... • Bicoid protein is a transcription factor • Enters nuclei, activates downstream gene expression – Hunchback - essential for anterior pole formation • Hunchback activates transcription of further head-specific gene products (swallow, exuperantia, buttonhead, orthodenticle) ...
... • Bicoid protein is a transcription factor • Enters nuclei, activates downstream gene expression – Hunchback - essential for anterior pole formation • Hunchback activates transcription of further head-specific gene products (swallow, exuperantia, buttonhead, orthodenticle) ...
Figure 1 - York College of Pennsylvania
... •PPT1 is a lysosomal enzyme that plays a major role in the degradation of lipid-modified proteins. •How PPT1 deficiency leads to selective central nervous system degeneration is unclear. ...
... •PPT1 is a lysosomal enzyme that plays a major role in the degradation of lipid-modified proteins. •How PPT1 deficiency leads to selective central nervous system degeneration is unclear. ...
Mineral Catalysis and Prebiotic Synthesis: Montmorillonite
... was based only on RNA rather than the DNA and protein polymers essential for life today. This hypothesis has the advantage of only requiring prebiotic synthesis of one polymer (RNA) rather than two (DNA and protein). While the debate between a metabolism-first and geneticfirst origin of life continu ...
... was based only on RNA rather than the DNA and protein polymers essential for life today. This hypothesis has the advantage of only requiring prebiotic synthesis of one polymer (RNA) rather than two (DNA and protein). While the debate between a metabolism-first and geneticfirst origin of life continu ...
ELEM_CouvC_V1n3 copy
... was based only on RNA rather than the DNA and protein polymers essential for life today. This hypothesis has the advantage of only requiring prebiotic synthesis of one polymer (RNA) rather than two (DNA and protein). While the debate between a metabolism-first and geneticfirst origin of life continu ...
... was based only on RNA rather than the DNA and protein polymers essential for life today. This hypothesis has the advantage of only requiring prebiotic synthesis of one polymer (RNA) rather than two (DNA and protein). While the debate between a metabolism-first and geneticfirst origin of life continu ...
How Universal is the Universal Genetic Code?
... understood in the context of genomic evolution and the genetic code, i.e. genetic material capable of replication, change, and heredity. A fundamental feature of all life forms existing on Earth is that, with several minor exceptions, they share the same genetic code, i.e., it is nearly universal. T ...
... understood in the context of genomic evolution and the genetic code, i.e. genetic material capable of replication, change, and heredity. A fundamental feature of all life forms existing on Earth is that, with several minor exceptions, they share the same genetic code, i.e., it is nearly universal. T ...
Document
... Figure 8.10 Resolution of RNA polymerases that transcribe the spoVG gene from two different promoters. Losick and his colleagues purified polymerase from B. subtilis ceils that were running out of nutrients. The last purification step was DNA-cellutose column chromatography. The polymerase activity ...
... Figure 8.10 Resolution of RNA polymerases that transcribe the spoVG gene from two different promoters. Losick and his colleagues purified polymerase from B. subtilis ceils that were running out of nutrients. The last purification step was DNA-cellutose column chromatography. The polymerase activity ...
Paralogous gene conversion, allelic divergence of attacin genes
... B. mori against BmNPV infection. The results indicated that some of the antibacterial proteins including attacin gene were upregulated after BmNPV infection and thus indicating their potential role in the antiviral immune response (Sagisaka et al., 2010). Therefore, an attempt has been made to study ...
... B. mori against BmNPV infection. The results indicated that some of the antibacterial proteins including attacin gene were upregulated after BmNPV infection and thus indicating their potential role in the antiviral immune response (Sagisaka et al., 2010). Therefore, an attempt has been made to study ...
Convergent evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in
... (notothenioid) or reduced number (Arctic cod) of spacer residues in the mature AFGPs indicate that their respective AFGP genes are transcribed and translated into large polyproteins that are posttranslationally cleaved. The near-identical AFGP protein structures from the two fishes have led to sugge ...
... (notothenioid) or reduced number (Arctic cod) of spacer residues in the mature AFGPs indicate that their respective AFGP genes are transcribed and translated into large polyproteins that are posttranslationally cleaved. The near-identical AFGP protein structures from the two fishes have led to sugge ...
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interacttions
... their root system was clearly stunted. This effect was associated with PGPR infection and not antibiotic treatment, and was obtained, with similar efficiencies, in several P. polymyxa strains tested (B2, B3, and B4; data not shown). The two types of stress were applied 1 week after PGPR treatment. F ...
... their root system was clearly stunted. This effect was associated with PGPR infection and not antibiotic treatment, and was obtained, with similar efficiencies, in several P. polymyxa strains tested (B2, B3, and B4; data not shown). The two types of stress were applied 1 week after PGPR treatment. F ...
PDF
... sodium chloride. The precipitate of 'salt-insoluble RNA' (siRNA) formed overnight (—10 °C) contained ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other kinds of RNA (including dRNA) except transfer RNAs (tRNA). The latter, as well as DNA, polysaccharide and other contaminants, remained in the supernatant. The siRNA pre ...
... sodium chloride. The precipitate of 'salt-insoluble RNA' (siRNA) formed overnight (—10 °C) contained ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and other kinds of RNA (including dRNA) except transfer RNAs (tRNA). The latter, as well as DNA, polysaccharide and other contaminants, remained in the supernatant. The siRNA pre ...
Sequence and transcription analysis of the Petunia mitochondrial
... upstream of the translation start site. The 5' terminus of the longest transcript maps to the sequenoe ATATAGTA, which is nearly identical to the yeast mitochondrial transcription initiation site ATATAAGTA. Primer extension analysis indicates that these two shorter transcripts are not due to splioin ...
... upstream of the translation start site. The 5' terminus of the longest transcript maps to the sequenoe ATATAGTA, which is nearly identical to the yeast mitochondrial transcription initiation site ATATAAGTA. Primer extension analysis indicates that these two shorter transcripts are not due to splioin ...
P1 The genetic code
... • Despite the fact that they all carry out the same reaction of joining an amino acid to a tRNA, the various synthetase enzymes can be quite different. • They fall into one of four classes of subunit structure, being either a, a2, a4, a2b2. • The polypeptide chains range from 334 to over 1000 amino ...
... • Despite the fact that they all carry out the same reaction of joining an amino acid to a tRNA, the various synthetase enzymes can be quite different. • They fall into one of four classes of subunit structure, being either a, a2, a4, a2b2. • The polypeptide chains range from 334 to over 1000 amino ...
Slide 1
... binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription The trp operon is a repressible operon An inducible operon is one that is usually off; a molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription ...
... binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription The trp operon is a repressible operon An inducible operon is one that is usually off; a molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription ...
Document
... Activation tagging in Arabidopsis II Examples of mutant phenotypes found in activation-tagging screen In an activation-tagging experiment carried out by Detlef Weigel’s laboratory at the Salk Institute, many different abnormal phenotypes were observed for Arabidopsis. Among the genes that were ...
... Activation tagging in Arabidopsis II Examples of mutant phenotypes found in activation-tagging screen In an activation-tagging experiment carried out by Detlef Weigel’s laboratory at the Salk Institute, many different abnormal phenotypes were observed for Arabidopsis. Among the genes that were ...
- CSHL Institutional Repository
... RNA interference (RNAi) by feeding with bacteria that produce double-stranded RNA (9) have become routine laboratory procedures. Paramecium is a privileged model for investigation of nonMendelian heredity and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Sonneborn (10) was the first to document cytoplasmic ...
... RNA interference (RNAi) by feeding with bacteria that produce double-stranded RNA (9) have become routine laboratory procedures. Paramecium is a privileged model for investigation of nonMendelian heredity and the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. Sonneborn (10) was the first to document cytoplasmic ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.