1 - MIT
... 1. With microarrays we can measure ___________ levels, although in some cases we might rather measure ____________ levels in our cells, because this would give us more direct information about a cell’s functional state. Hint: think about the role of each type of molecule in the central dogma of biol ...
... 1. With microarrays we can measure ___________ levels, although in some cases we might rather measure ____________ levels in our cells, because this would give us more direct information about a cell’s functional state. Hint: think about the role of each type of molecule in the central dogma of biol ...
No Slide Title
... Overall change in the number or structure of chromosomes Changes in number of chromosomes - Aneuploidys : loss or gain of a whole ...
... Overall change in the number or structure of chromosomes Changes in number of chromosomes - Aneuploidys : loss or gain of a whole ...
Trnascription in eucaryotes
... regions called introns that interrupt the coding regions. A gene can contain as many as 500 introns that vary from 50-20,000 base pairs in length. The primary transcript must be edited to remove the introns before translation can occur. ...
... regions called introns that interrupt the coding regions. A gene can contain as many as 500 introns that vary from 50-20,000 base pairs in length. The primary transcript must be edited to remove the introns before translation can occur. ...
Central Dogma of Biology - Marengo Community Middle School
... Transcription and translation are the two main processes linking gene to protein: an overview • Genes provide the instructions for making specific proteins. • The bridge between DNA and protein synthesis is RNA. • RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and sub ...
... Transcription and translation are the two main processes linking gene to protein: an overview • Genes provide the instructions for making specific proteins. • The bridge between DNA and protein synthesis is RNA. • RNA is chemically similar to DNA, except that it contains ribose as its sugar and sub ...
Ch. 18 - ltcconline.net
... operator, repressor, and corepressor. 3. Distinguish between structural and regulatory genes. 4. Describe how the lac operon functions and provide details on the role of the inducer, allolactose. 5. Explain how repressible and inducible enzymes differ and how those differences reflect differences in ...
... operator, repressor, and corepressor. 3. Distinguish between structural and regulatory genes. 4. Describe how the lac operon functions and provide details on the role of the inducer, allolactose. 5. Explain how repressible and inducible enzymes differ and how those differences reflect differences in ...
Topic 3 The Chemistry of Life - wfs
... 4. The genetic code is actually composed of triplets of bases called codons. The codons are present on the RNA formed during translation. Therefore, codons do not contain thymine. 5. The RNA formed during transcription is called messenger or mRNA. This mRNA carries the genetic code out of the nucleu ...
... 4. The genetic code is actually composed of triplets of bases called codons. The codons are present on the RNA formed during translation. Therefore, codons do not contain thymine. 5. The RNA formed during transcription is called messenger or mRNA. This mRNA carries the genetic code out of the nucleu ...
Nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids
... - Types and structure of RNA: - messenger RNA = mRNA: carries the information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis. Single stranded. - ribosomal RNA = rRNA : components of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis (translation). rRNA forms self-complementary double-stranded regio ...
... - Types and structure of RNA: - messenger RNA = mRNA: carries the information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis. Single stranded. - ribosomal RNA = rRNA : components of the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis (translation). rRNA forms self-complementary double-stranded regio ...
Biology 303 EXAM II 3/14/00 NAME
... D. the fact that the core histone particle contains an octomer of histone proteins ...
... D. the fact that the core histone particle contains an octomer of histone proteins ...
Slide 1
... • In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways by using different combinations of the same exons, different proteins can be created ...
... • In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways by using different combinations of the same exons, different proteins can be created ...
13Johnson
... • In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways by using different combinations of the same exons, different proteins can be created ...
... • In humans, genes may be spliced together in different ways by using different combinations of the same exons, different proteins can be created ...
Study Guide: Lecture 1 1. What does “GMO” stand for and what does
... c. What ploidy level is a plant with this formula? 3. Explain the meaning of “genome size”, and the units sizes used to describe genome sizes. 4. Is a 758 Mb genome size a huge, average, or small genome size for a diploid plant? 5. What is “gene flow” and does it only occur with transgenic plants? 6 ...
... c. What ploidy level is a plant with this formula? 3. Explain the meaning of “genome size”, and the units sizes used to describe genome sizes. 4. Is a 758 Mb genome size a huge, average, or small genome size for a diploid plant? 5. What is “gene flow” and does it only occur with transgenic plants? 6 ...
A comparison of gene regulation by eukaryotic microRNAs - Q-bio
... A comparison of gene regulation by eukaryotic microRNAs and prokaroytic sRNAs J. Noorbakhsh1,2, A. Lang1, and P. Mehta1 Short Abstract —MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA sequences that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to target mRNAs. Here we have developed a mathematical mo ...
... A comparison of gene regulation by eukaryotic microRNAs and prokaroytic sRNAs J. Noorbakhsh1,2, A. Lang1, and P. Mehta1 Short Abstract —MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA sequences that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to target mRNAs. Here we have developed a mathematical mo ...
Athena, Jen and Natalie`s Powerpt
... Binds one amino acid to the tRNA tRNA also has an anticodon This complements the mRNA codon If the codon transcribed was AUG The anticodon would be UAC Methionine tRNA is in the P site A second tRNA enters the A site The 2 amino acids then peptide bind To begin the formation of a polypeptide The fir ...
... Binds one amino acid to the tRNA tRNA also has an anticodon This complements the mRNA codon If the codon transcribed was AUG The anticodon would be UAC Methionine tRNA is in the P site A second tRNA enters the A site The 2 amino acids then peptide bind To begin the formation of a polypeptide The fir ...
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
... – Sugar is ribose not deoxyribose (less stable, takes less energy to make) ...
... – Sugar is ribose not deoxyribose (less stable, takes less energy to make) ...
Transcription Protein Synthesis So what does it mean? Transcription
... thymine, and usually is single stranded. • Three types: ...
... thymine, and usually is single stranded. • Three types: ...
Review Materials for Gene to Protein and DNA
... How is the template strand for a particular gene determined? 1. It is the DNA strand that runs from the 5' → 3' direction. 2. It is the DNA strand that runs from the 3' → 5' direction. 3. It depends on the orientation of RNA polymerase, whose position is determined by particular sequences of nucleot ...
... How is the template strand for a particular gene determined? 1. It is the DNA strand that runs from the 5' → 3' direction. 2. It is the DNA strand that runs from the 3' → 5' direction. 3. It depends on the orientation of RNA polymerase, whose position is determined by particular sequences of nucleot ...
Molecular Pathology - Charles River Laboratories
... By combining a strong history in molecular biology and histopathology, Charles River can relate gene expression to tissue histomorphology in both normal tissues and therapeutic models of disease, providing you with that valuable functional genomics information. The end result is the best possible in ...
... By combining a strong history in molecular biology and histopathology, Charles River can relate gene expression to tissue histomorphology in both normal tissues and therapeutic models of disease, providing you with that valuable functional genomics information. The end result is the best possible in ...
slides
... polymerase at a promoter region of DNA. • The σ subunit is responsible for promoter recogniFon (in bacteria). • Once iniFaFon has been completed with the synthesis of the first 8–9 nucleoFdes, sigma ...
... polymerase at a promoter region of DNA. • The σ subunit is responsible for promoter recogniFon (in bacteria). • Once iniFaFon has been completed with the synthesis of the first 8–9 nucleoFdes, sigma ...
Protein Synthesis
... Ribosome – site of protein syntesis. Steps in protein synthesis I. Takes place in the nucleus of the cell 1. DNA splits 2. Messenger RNA forms on DNA-this is the coding of RNA 3. Messenger RNA peels away from DNA and heads from the cytoplasm of cell 4. DNA reforms or rewinds II. Takes place in the c ...
... Ribosome – site of protein syntesis. Steps in protein synthesis I. Takes place in the nucleus of the cell 1. DNA splits 2. Messenger RNA forms on DNA-this is the coding of RNA 3. Messenger RNA peels away from DNA and heads from the cytoplasm of cell 4. DNA reforms or rewinds II. Takes place in the c ...
gene regulation
... (enzymes in glycolysis) • Inducible – off but can be switched on • Repressible – on but can be switched off ...
... (enzymes in glycolysis) • Inducible – off but can be switched on • Repressible – on but can be switched off ...
learning objectives
... Some forms of cancer are caused by viruses that trigger the formation of tumors. These can be either RNA- or DNA-based viruses. A target gene is the proto-oncogene that normally functions to regulate how cells differentiate and to produce growth factors that regulate cell division. These viruses ind ...
... Some forms of cancer are caused by viruses that trigger the formation of tumors. These can be either RNA- or DNA-based viruses. A target gene is the proto-oncogene that normally functions to regulate how cells differentiate and to produce growth factors that regulate cell division. These viruses ind ...
3687317_mlbio10_Ch13_TestA_3rd.indd
... 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13–1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d. adenine 3. What is produced during transcription? a. RNA molecules c. RNA polymerase b. DNA molecules d. proteins 4. During eukaryotic transcription, the molecule that is formed is a. comp ...
... 2. Which nucleotide in Figure 13–1 indicates the nucleic acid above is RNA? a. uracil c. cytosine b. guanine d. adenine 3. What is produced during transcription? a. RNA molecules c. RNA polymerase b. DNA molecules d. proteins 4. During eukaryotic transcription, the molecule that is formed is a. comp ...
Chapter 13- RNA and Protein Synthesis
... Some mutations are caused by physical agents in the environment, called mutagens The effects of mutations can have little/no effect, or can negatively disrupt gene function ...
... Some mutations are caused by physical agents in the environment, called mutagens The effects of mutations can have little/no effect, or can negatively disrupt gene function ...
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998.Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.The RNAi pathway is found in many eukaryotes, including animals, and is initiated by the enzyme Dicer, which cleaves long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules into short double-stranded fragments of ~20 nucleotide siRNAs. Each siRNA is unwound into two single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), the passenger strand and the guide strand. The passenger strand is degraded and the guide strand is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The most well-studied outcome is post-transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs when the guide strand pairs with a complementary sequence in a messenger RNA molecule and induces cleavage by Argonaute, the catalytic component of the RISC complex. In some organisms, this process spreads systemically, despite the initially limited molar concentrations of siRNA.RNAi is a valuable research tool, both in cell culture and in living organisms, because synthetic dsRNA introduced into cells can selectively and robustly induce suppression of specific genes of interest. RNAi may be used for large-scale screens that systematically shut down each gene in the cell, which can help to identify the components necessary for a particular cellular process or an event such as cell division. The pathway is also used as a practical tool in biotechnology, medicine and insecticides.