3 The Role of Top Carnivores in
... species of rodents, at least some of which were presumably present on these islands at isolation (Adler and Seamon 1991). Other examples emanate from predator-free islands where introduced rats, particularly Rattus rattus, or mice have replaced other rodent species (Brosset 1963; Berry and Tricker 1 ...
... species of rodents, at least some of which were presumably present on these islands at isolation (Adler and Seamon 1991). Other examples emanate from predator-free islands where introduced rats, particularly Rattus rattus, or mice have replaced other rodent species (Brosset 1963; Berry and Tricker 1 ...
21 | CONSERVATION AND BIODIVERSITY
... Most of these “invisible” species that will become extinct currently live in tropical rainforests like those of the Amazon basin. These rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet and are being destroyed rapidly by deforestation, which biologists believe is driving many rare species wi ...
... Most of these “invisible” species that will become extinct currently live in tropical rainforests like those of the Amazon basin. These rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems on the planet and are being destroyed rapidly by deforestation, which biologists believe is driving many rare species wi ...
Interspecific competition in metapopulations
... evidence that most of the population turnover observed in rockpools consists of real extinctions and colonizations, not of dormancy. For example, in artificial rockpools with gravel and detritus as bottom sediment, no populations scored as extinct after 4 years reappeared in later years (J.Bengtsson ...
... evidence that most of the population turnover observed in rockpools consists of real extinctions and colonizations, not of dormancy. For example, in artificial rockpools with gravel and detritus as bottom sediment, no populations scored as extinct after 4 years reappeared in later years (J.Bengtsson ...
A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation
... and Malawi, cichlids initially radiated in the complete absence of any nonpharyngognathous spinyfinned fish lineages. Unfortunately, in the 1950s, a nonpharyngognathous predatory fish, the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, was introduced into Lake Victoria, facilitating a cichlid mass extinction (23). In ...
... and Malawi, cichlids initially radiated in the complete absence of any nonpharyngognathous spinyfinned fish lineages. Unfortunately, in the 1950s, a nonpharyngognathous predatory fish, the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, was introduced into Lake Victoria, facilitating a cichlid mass extinction (23). In ...
Weighting and indirect effects identify keystone species in food webs
... data, which should provide more realistic outcomes than can be derived from simulating purely artificial communities (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). Furthermore, both top-down and bottomup effects are possible in the dynamical approach, therefore extinction cascades in both directions could be detected. ...
... data, which should provide more realistic outcomes than can be derived from simulating purely artificial communities (Curtsdotter et al. 2011). Furthermore, both top-down and bottomup effects are possible in the dynamical approach, therefore extinction cascades in both directions could be detected. ...
How humans drive speciation as well as extinction
... Mammals are perhaps the most well-researched group of living organisms. Incorporating recently extinct species, there are currently 5488 known species of mammal [27]. From the Late Pleistocene (approx. 130 000 years ago) to approximately AD 1000, 177 species of large mammal (more than 10 kg) are kno ...
... Mammals are perhaps the most well-researched group of living organisms. Incorporating recently extinct species, there are currently 5488 known species of mammal [27]. From the Late Pleistocene (approx. 130 000 years ago) to approximately AD 1000, 177 species of large mammal (more than 10 kg) are kno ...
Beyond species loss: The extinction of ecological
... orders of magnitude above background extinction rates (Barnosky et al. 2011). Recent estimates of extinction risk from a wide range of climate impacts and ecosystems types indicate that real empirical data often exceed predicted extinctions (Maclean & Wilson 2011), which suggests that we are still f ...
... orders of magnitude above background extinction rates (Barnosky et al. 2011). Recent estimates of extinction risk from a wide range of climate impacts and ecosystems types indicate that real empirical data often exceed predicted extinctions (Maclean & Wilson 2011), which suggests that we are still f ...
Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a
... orders of magnitude above background extinction rates (Barnosky et al. 2011). Recent estimates of extinction risk from a wide range of climate impacts and ecosystems types indicate that real empirical data often exceed predicted extinctions (Maclean & Wilson 2011), which suggests that we are still f ...
... orders of magnitude above background extinction rates (Barnosky et al. 2011). Recent estimates of extinction risk from a wide range of climate impacts and ecosystems types indicate that real empirical data often exceed predicted extinctions (Maclean & Wilson 2011), which suggests that we are still f ...
Staddon et al 2010
... The spatial insurance hypothesis indicates that connectivity is an important attribute of natural ecosystems that sustains both biodiversity and ecosystem function. We tested the hypothesis by measuring the impact of manipulating connectivity in experimental metacommunties of a natural and diverse m ...
... The spatial insurance hypothesis indicates that connectivity is an important attribute of natural ecosystems that sustains both biodiversity and ecosystem function. We tested the hypothesis by measuring the impact of manipulating connectivity in experimental metacommunties of a natural and diverse m ...
Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity
... or self. The first two axes correspond to easily observable and well documented responses to global warming (Parmesan 2006). ÔSelfÕ corresponds to less visible physiological and behavioural changes that allow species to adapt to the new climatic conditions in the same spatial and temporal frame. Spa ...
... or self. The first two axes correspond to easily observable and well documented responses to global warming (Parmesan 2006). ÔSelfÕ corresponds to less visible physiological and behavioural changes that allow species to adapt to the new climatic conditions in the same spatial and temporal frame. Spa ...
Collapse of the world`s largest herbivores
... forest types represent the other 10 ecoregions with at least five threat- attitudes toward some species, or low levels of scientific funding, making it difficult to garner government and public support for scientific studies ened large herbivore species (table S3). All 10 large herbivore species wit ...
... forest types represent the other 10 ecoregions with at least five threat- attitudes toward some species, or low levels of scientific funding, making it difficult to garner government and public support for scientific studies ened large herbivore species (table S3). All 10 large herbivore species wit ...
DDT Persuasive Essay - APES -
... to prevent toxical accumulation, destruction of ecosystem and people; and the extinction of organisms. DDT caused several incident of dangerous biomagnification and killed many animals. For example, when DDT was introduced on Borneo Island to exterminate mosquitoes, the roaches ended up storing the ...
... to prevent toxical accumulation, destruction of ecosystem and people; and the extinction of organisms. DDT caused several incident of dangerous biomagnification and killed many animals. For example, when DDT was introduced on Borneo Island to exterminate mosquitoes, the roaches ended up storing the ...
Ecological Consequences of Extinction
... Extinction is a natural process, but it is occurring at an unnaturally rapid rate as a consequence of human activities. Humans have caused the extinction of between 5-20% of the species in many groups of organisms, and current rates of extinction are estimated to be 100-1,000 times greater than pre- ...
... Extinction is a natural process, but it is occurring at an unnaturally rapid rate as a consequence of human activities. Humans have caused the extinction of between 5-20% of the species in many groups of organisms, and current rates of extinction are estimated to be 100-1,000 times greater than pre- ...
Evidence for the Role of Infectious Disease in Species Extinction
... Threatened and Endangered Species and literature indexed in the ISI Web of Science to assess the role of infectious disease in global species loss. Infectious disease was listed as a contributing factor in <4% of species extinctions known to have occurred since 1500 (833 plants and animals) and as c ...
... Threatened and Endangered Species and literature indexed in the ISI Web of Science to assess the role of infectious disease in global species loss. Infectious disease was listed as a contributing factor in <4% of species extinctions known to have occurred since 1500 (833 plants and animals) and as c ...
Archaeology Meets Marine Ecology: The Antiquity of Maritime
... newly colonized lands was often associated with accelerated habitat changes and extinction rates. Proving that humans were the primary cause of ancient animal extinctions can be complicated (Grayson 2001), but significant human contributions to extinctions or other environmental impacts have been pro ...
... newly colonized lands was often associated with accelerated habitat changes and extinction rates. Proving that humans were the primary cause of ancient animal extinctions can be complicated (Grayson 2001), but significant human contributions to extinctions or other environmental impacts have been pro ...
Latest Pleistocene Vertebrates in Western Canada
... temporal overlap and the small samples from both areas, there is no clear evidence as yet that it was earlier in one than the other. A synchronous pattern could suggest a widespread environmental cause, of which the onset of the Younger Dryas cold episode and the arrival of humans as predators would ...
... temporal overlap and the small samples from both areas, there is no clear evidence as yet that it was earlier in one than the other. A synchronous pattern could suggest a widespread environmental cause, of which the onset of the Younger Dryas cold episode and the arrival of humans as predators would ...
Mass Extinctions Increase Evenness of Genus Diversity Across
... The Shannon index quantifies evenness of ecological modes, accounting for both number of modes and proportion of genera in each. The Simpson index looks at an aspect of evenness by measuring the probability that two genera randomly selected at a point in time belong to different modes. While it foll ...
... The Shannon index quantifies evenness of ecological modes, accounting for both number of modes and proportion of genera in each. The Simpson index looks at an aspect of evenness by measuring the probability that two genera randomly selected at a point in time belong to different modes. While it foll ...
Species-rich ecosystems are vulnerable to cascading extinctions in an increasingly variable world
... in abundance when rare—the so-called invasibility criterion (MacArthur 1972). One of the conditions for this criterion to be fulfilled is that species differ in their response to the environmental variability. On a similar note, it has been argued that intermediate intensity and frequency of disturb ...
... in abundance when rare—the so-called invasibility criterion (MacArthur 1972). One of the conditions for this criterion to be fulfilled is that species differ in their response to the environmental variability. On a similar note, it has been argued that intermediate intensity and frequency of disturb ...
Trophically Unique Species Are Vulnerable to Cascading Extinction Linköping University Postprint
... position of the primary extinction is also important but tends to interact with connectance. In sparsely connected communities, extinction of a top predator is less likely to cause secondary extinctions than extinction of a basal species (Borrvall et al. 2000; Quince et al. 2005; Eklöf and Ebenman ...
... position of the primary extinction is also important but tends to interact with connectance. In sparsely connected communities, extinction of a top predator is less likely to cause secondary extinctions than extinction of a basal species (Borrvall et al. 2000; Quince et al. 2005; Eklöf and Ebenman ...
Chap 5 APES
... - These species usually have small populations • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialized species ...
... - These species usually have small populations • Many other factors also cause extinction - Severe weather - New species - Specialized species ...
Slide 1
... Mortality found to increase with tree size and dry-season fire, and decrease with stand area (direct mortality) and wet-season fire (extended mortality). These results weren’t predicted from fires or hurricanes alone. Concluded that altered fire timing (anthropogenic dry-season fires) strongly inf ...
... Mortality found to increase with tree size and dry-season fire, and decrease with stand area (direct mortality) and wet-season fire (extended mortality). These results weren’t predicted from fires or hurricanes alone. Concluded that altered fire timing (anthropogenic dry-season fires) strongly inf ...
When Large, Infrequent Disturbances Interact
... Mortality found to increase with tree size and dry-season fire, and decrease with stand area (direct mortality) and wet-season fire (extended mortality). These results weren’t predicted from fires or hurricanes alone. Concluded that altered fire timing (anthropogenic dry-season fires) strongly inf ...
... Mortality found to increase with tree size and dry-season fire, and decrease with stand area (direct mortality) and wet-season fire (extended mortality). These results weren’t predicted from fires or hurricanes alone. Concluded that altered fire timing (anthropogenic dry-season fires) strongly inf ...
Pleistocene Rewilding - UNM Biology
... (Newmark 1995; Berger 2003). Human-induced environmental impacts are now unprecedented in their magnitude and cosmopolitan in their distribution, and they show alarming signs of worsening. Human influences on the environment take on a variety of well-known and often interrelated general forms, inclu ...
... (Newmark 1995; Berger 2003). Human-induced environmental impacts are now unprecedented in their magnitude and cosmopolitan in their distribution, and they show alarming signs of worsening. Human influences on the environment take on a variety of well-known and often interrelated general forms, inclu ...
New Approaches to the Study of Human–Environment Interactions
... as a whole. For example, in the absence of top carnivores, white-tailed deer suppress tree seedling recruitment and deplete many herbaceous plants, which reduces habitat for ground-nesting birds; with the introduction of top carnivores, both plant populations and the small animals that rely on them ...
... as a whole. For example, in the absence of top carnivores, white-tailed deer suppress tree seedling recruitment and deplete many herbaceous plants, which reduces habitat for ground-nesting birds; with the introduction of top carnivores, both plant populations and the small animals that rely on them ...
Chapter 5: Ecology and evolution: Populations, communities, and
... Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, is a catchall term meaning the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities. A species is a particular type of organism, or more precisely, a population or g ...
... Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, is a catchall term meaning the sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities. A species is a particular type of organism, or more precisely, a population or g ...
Holocene extinction
The Holocene extinction, sometimes called the Sixth Extinction, is a name proposed to describe the currently ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (since around 10,000 BCE) mainly due to human activity. The large number of extinctions span numerous families of plants and animals including mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and arthropods. Although 875 extinctions occurring between 1500 and 2009 have been documented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, the vast majority are undocumented. According to the species-area theory and based on upper-bound estimating, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large mammals known as megafauna, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago, the end of the last Ice Age. This may have been due to the extinction of the mammoths whose habits had maintained grasslands which became birch forests without them. The new forest and the resulting forest fires may have induced climate change. Such disappearances might be the result of the proliferation of modern humans. These extinctions, occurring near the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event. The Holocene extinction continues into the 21st century.There is no general agreement on whether to consider this as part of the Quaternary extinction event, or as a distinct event resulting from human-caused changes. Only during the most recent parts of the extinction have plants also suffered large losses. Overall, the Holocene extinction can be characterized by the human impact on the environment.