Nicotine injections into the ventral tegmental area increase
... in situ hybridization of their mRNAs or by immunohistochemistry of the protein they encode. Several immediate early genes can apparently serve as markers for neuronal activity and may, accordingly, be activated by various stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c ...
... in situ hybridization of their mRNAs or by immunohistochemistry of the protein they encode. Several immediate early genes can apparently serve as markers for neuronal activity and may, accordingly, be activated by various stimuli, including drugs (see Ref. [28] for review). Thus, the expression of c ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... stimulus–response or context–habit associations via procedural or instrumental learning. Finally, others regard ventral striatum as being a structure primarily implicated in the determination of the goal of an action; the “thing” that we want to obtain (food, water, sex, or “positive emotion”) or to ...
... stimulus–response or context–habit associations via procedural or instrumental learning. Finally, others regard ventral striatum as being a structure primarily implicated in the determination of the goal of an action; the “thing” that we want to obtain (food, water, sex, or “positive emotion”) or to ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... and in controls using magnetoencephalography, which allowed us to resolve both the directionality (feedforward versus feedback) and spatial scale (local or long-range) of functional connectivity. Specifically, we measured the cortical response and functional connectivity during a passive 25-Hz vibrot ...
... and in controls using magnetoencephalography, which allowed us to resolve both the directionality (feedforward versus feedback) and spatial scale (local or long-range) of functional connectivity. Specifically, we measured the cortical response and functional connectivity during a passive 25-Hz vibrot ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... since arousal function can be better explained by large-scale energetic states of the brain. This approach, especially developed in Parkinson disease studies, showed that blocking the amount of cortical descending activity into basal ganglia (Siggins 1978, Dray 1980, Yim & Mogenson 1982, Brown & Arb ...
... since arousal function can be better explained by large-scale energetic states of the brain. This approach, especially developed in Parkinson disease studies, showed that blocking the amount of cortical descending activity into basal ganglia (Siggins 1978, Dray 1980, Yim & Mogenson 1982, Brown & Arb ...
Divergent Projections from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE to
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
... Figure 3. Cytoarchitecture of TEav, the caudal part of area 36 (36c), area 35, and area 28. A, Nissl-stained section. There is a separation between layers V and VI in TEav but not in 36c. Layer IV is present in area 36 but absent in areas 35 and 28. The presence of intensely stained large neurons in ...
posttraumatic stress and adaptation in patients following acute
... individuals after onset, diagnosis, or treatment for physical illness. ACS, like other nonmedical trauma, is life-threatening, sudden and often unexpected. Many patients report an intense fear of dying, and emotional distress such as anxiety and depression during the acute phase and in the immediate ...
... individuals after onset, diagnosis, or treatment for physical illness. ACS, like other nonmedical trauma, is life-threatening, sudden and often unexpected. Many patients report an intense fear of dying, and emotional distress such as anxiety and depression during the acute phase and in the immediate ...
Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Patients With Major Depression: Is
... tients who do not experience symptoms suggesting generalized anxiety disorder. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we compared demographic, clinical, family history, and psychosocial characteristics among three nonoverlap ...
... tients who do not experience symptoms suggesting generalized anxiety disorder. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we compared demographic, clinical, family history, and psychosocial characteristics among three nonoverlap ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 ...
... Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... brainstem, remains unclear. Depletion of serotonin with the synthesis inhibitor /7chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia that can be rapidly reversed by injection of the serotonin precursor tryptophan (Pujol et al., 1971). Recent work has identified the anterior hypothalamus as perhaps the cri ...
... brainstem, remains unclear. Depletion of serotonin with the synthesis inhibitor /7chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produces insomnia that can be rapidly reversed by injection of the serotonin precursor tryptophan (Pujol et al., 1971). Recent work has identified the anterior hypothalamus as perhaps the cri ...
Paper
... lightly myelinated tissue between the external and extreme capsules. The dorsolateral extension of the claustrum was evident in both Nissl and myelin stains, although it was faint (Figures 1Aa,b, upper dotted lines). In addition, precise determination of the rostral and ventral boundaries of the cla ...
... lightly myelinated tissue between the external and extreme capsules. The dorsolateral extension of the claustrum was evident in both Nissl and myelin stains, although it was faint (Figures 1Aa,b, upper dotted lines). In addition, precise determination of the rostral and ventral boundaries of the cla ...
Comorbidity of mental disorders and substance use
... Internet sites (c) Commonwealth of Australia 2009 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyr ...
... Internet sites (c) Commonwealth of Australia 2009 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyr ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
trait affective, behavioral, and cognitive factors of anxiety
... anxiety/worry, social anxiety, and depression. Regression-based path analyses utilized data from a community sample of 105 youth aged 12-17 (67.6% female, 80% white, non-Hispanic). Results largely replicated prior models in the adult literature and overall supported a hierarchical paradigm. Trait ne ...
... anxiety/worry, social anxiety, and depression. Regression-based path analyses utilized data from a community sample of 105 youth aged 12-17 (67.6% female, 80% white, non-Hispanic). Results largely replicated prior models in the adult literature and overall supported a hierarchical paradigm. Trait ne ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... polygraphic criteria and EEG spectral analysis. For each cell, the mean and standard deviation of basal firing rate were determined by averaging spike counts done for at least 3 separate 10 s epochs in one given vigilance state prior to bicuculline ejection. Following the application of bicuculline ...
... polygraphic criteria and EEG spectral analysis. For each cell, the mean and standard deviation of basal firing rate were determined by averaging spike counts done for at least 3 separate 10 s epochs in one given vigilance state prior to bicuculline ejection. Following the application of bicuculline ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... and converted to the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine, depending on the firing frequency of the particular catecholaminergic neuron. If the neuron is firing with high frequency, the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme becomes multiply phosphorylated; this markedly increases its affinity for its ot ...
... and converted to the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine, depending on the firing frequency of the particular catecholaminergic neuron. If the neuron is firing with high frequency, the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme becomes multiply phosphorylated; this markedly increases its affinity for its ot ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
... activity is too low, distractible and anxious if LC activity is too high, but optimally attentive and aroused with intermediate levels of activity. NE tone is clearly linked to cognition as LC neurons in monkeys fire phasically in response to a salient stimulus that signals a reward such as food, bu ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in complex cognitive tasks (e.g., Petrides, 1995). Unlike the ...
... the frontal pole. There is comparatively less information on the functions or connections of anterior medial areas, although recent studies have provided evidence that area 9 has an important role in the selection of appropriate responses in complex cognitive tasks (e.g., Petrides, 1995). Unlike the ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... is currently accepted that cortical maps are dynamic constructs that are remodeled in detail by behaviorally important experiences throughout life. A wide variety of neuronal response reconstruction (mapping) studies in different modalities conducted in a variety of mammalian species, including huma ...
... is currently accepted that cortical maps are dynamic constructs that are remodeled in detail by behaviorally important experiences throughout life. A wide variety of neuronal response reconstruction (mapping) studies in different modalities conducted in a variety of mammalian species, including huma ...
Comorbidity: A network perspective
... network approach is straightforward: We define and analyze relationships between symptoms, without assuming a priori that such relationships arise from a mental disorder as a common cause (Borsboom 2008; Van der Maas et al. 2006). Simply put, in such a network, a disorder is conceptualized as a clus ...
... network approach is straightforward: We define and analyze relationships between symptoms, without assuming a priori that such relationships arise from a mental disorder as a common cause (Borsboom 2008; Van der Maas et al. 2006). Simply put, in such a network, a disorder is conceptualized as a clus ...
Comorbidity: A network perspective
... network approach is straightforward: We define and analyze relationships between symptoms, without assuming a priori that such relationships arise from a mental disorder as a common cause (Borsboom 2008; Van der Maas et al. 2006). Simply put, in such a network, a disorder is conceptualized as a clus ...
... network approach is straightforward: We define and analyze relationships between symptoms, without assuming a priori that such relationships arise from a mental disorder as a common cause (Borsboom 2008; Van der Maas et al. 2006). Simply put, in such a network, a disorder is conceptualized as a clus ...
Psychopharmacology - Where can my students do assignments that
... – Has biological activity similar to cocaine – Has a longer half life ...
... – Has biological activity similar to cocaine – Has a longer half life ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... effects on subsequent memory performance. Further imaging studies should focus on clarifying the role of specific sleep patterns for the processing of external stimuli, as well as the consolidation of freshly encoded information during sleep. Keywords: Sleep, EEG, PET, fMRI, neuroimaging, non-REM sl ...
... effects on subsequent memory performance. Further imaging studies should focus on clarifying the role of specific sleep patterns for the processing of external stimuli, as well as the consolidation of freshly encoded information during sleep. Keywords: Sleep, EEG, PET, fMRI, neuroimaging, non-REM sl ...
Biology of depression
Scientific studies have found that numerous brain areas show altered activity in patients suffering from depression, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, of which the most prominent and widely researched is the monoamine hypothesis.