Normal sleep and circadian rhythms: Neurobiologic mechanisms
... Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake state [2], [3]. Desynchronized refers to the random-appearing wave pattern seen on the REM ...
... Activated refers to an active mind (dreams) and the EEG pattern characteristic of wakefulness. Paradoxically, individuals in REM sleep, although activated, are behaviorally less responsive than during the wake state [2], [3]. Desynchronized refers to the random-appearing wave pattern seen on the REM ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... Taylor. Mapping from motor cortex to biceps and triceps altered by elbow angle. J Neurophysiol 92: 395– 407, 2004. First published February 25, 2004; 10.1152/jn.01241.2003. This experiment used cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles ...
... Taylor. Mapping from motor cortex to biceps and triceps altered by elbow angle. J Neurophysiol 92: 395– 407, 2004. First published February 25, 2004; 10.1152/jn.01241.2003. This experiment used cortical microstimulation to probe the mapping from primary motor cortex to the biceps and triceps muscles ...
Diagnosis, prevalence, pathways, consequences & treatment of insomnia Review Article
... Insomnia is a sleep disorder that may occur acutely and dissipate or may become a vexing chronic disorder. Although difficulty in initiating and/or maintaining sleep is a fairly straightforward complaint, a thorough assessment of the presenting insomnia is well worth the upfront effort before form ...
... Insomnia is a sleep disorder that may occur acutely and dissipate or may become a vexing chronic disorder. Although difficulty in initiating and/or maintaining sleep is a fairly straightforward complaint, a thorough assessment of the presenting insomnia is well worth the upfront effort before form ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
... are functionally heterogeneous, with distinct roles in learning and expressing fear behaviors. PTSD differences in amygdala-complex function and functional connectivity with cortical and subcortical structures remain unclear. Recent military veterans with PTSD (n ¼ 20) and matched trauma-exposed con ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... critical nodes of the cognitive control network and the default mode network (DMN). The SFGdl was connected with the middle and inferior frontal gyri, which are involved in the cognitive execution network. The SFGp was connected with the precentral gyrus, caudate, thalamus, and frontal operculum, wh ...
... critical nodes of the cognitive control network and the default mode network (DMN). The SFGdl was connected with the middle and inferior frontal gyri, which are involved in the cognitive execution network. The SFGp was connected with the precentral gyrus, caudate, thalamus, and frontal operculum, wh ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... come to mean any long-lasting form of synaptic modification (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To ...
... come to mean any long-lasting form of synaptic modification (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsynaptic firing. By acting independently at each synapse, Hebbian plasticity gains great power, but also acquires stability problems. To ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
States of Consciousness
... • Understand what is meant by consciousness • Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted • Discuss the concept of sleep debt Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Awareness of internal sti ...
... • Understand what is meant by consciousness • Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted • Discuss the concept of sleep debt Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Awareness of internal sti ...
... neurons belonging to the extended amygdala which are positive for DARPP-32 and Inhibitor-1. We used standard immunohistochemical procedures for ChAT (rat monoclonal, DiaSorin, INCSTAR, Stillwater, MN), DARPP32 (mouse monoclonal, a gift from Dr Paul Greengard) and Inhibitor-1 (rabbit polyclonal, immu ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availabil ...
... TDX (www.tdx.cat) service and by the UB Digital Repository (diposit.ub.edu) has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availabil ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... several well-documented advantages over other anterograde tracing methods, including the ability (1) to make small, well-localized injections; (2) to identify specifically neurons incorporating the tracer; (3) to distinguish fibers of passage from terminal endings; and (4) to visualize entire axonal ...
... several well-documented advantages over other anterograde tracing methods, including the ability (1) to make small, well-localized injections; (2) to identify specifically neurons incorporating the tracer; (3) to distinguish fibers of passage from terminal endings; and (4) to visualize entire axonal ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1985). It was supplemented by maps for the auditory system taken from Imig and Reale (1980) for areas 4, 5, and 6 from Avendano and Rausell (1988) for the parahippocampal regions from Room and Groenewegen (1986a,b) and Krettek and Price (1977a,b), and for the visual sys ...
... by Cavada and Reinoso-Suarez (1985). It was supplemented by maps for the auditory system taken from Imig and Reale (1980) for areas 4, 5, and 6 from Avendano and Rausell (1988) for the parahippocampal regions from Room and Groenewegen (1986a,b) and Krettek and Price (1977a,b), and for the visual sys ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... this hippocampo-prefrontal directionality and timing at the level of correlations between single cells. Finally, we find that phase locking of prefrontal cells is predicted by the presence of significant correlations with hippocampal cells at positive delays up to 150 ms. The theta-entrained activit ...
... this hippocampo-prefrontal directionality and timing at the level of correlations between single cells. Finally, we find that phase locking of prefrontal cells is predicted by the presence of significant correlations with hippocampal cells at positive delays up to 150 ms. The theta-entrained activit ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... Empathy is normally defined as the ability to appreciate the emotions and feelings of others as separate from those of the self (Decety, 2010; Shamay-Tsoory, 2011). A significant number of studies, using a wide variety of paradigms, have shown that areas such as the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), inf ...
... Empathy is normally defined as the ability to appreciate the emotions and feelings of others as separate from those of the self (Decety, 2010; Shamay-Tsoory, 2011). A significant number of studies, using a wide variety of paradigms, have shown that areas such as the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), inf ...
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms and Antisocial
... 2.3.4.2 Prevalence and incidence of adolescent antisocial behaviour ..........42 2.3.5 Development, course and consequences of adolescent antisocial behaviour............................................................................................45 2.3.5.1 Etiology of adolescent antisocial behav ...
... 2.3.4.2 Prevalence and incidence of adolescent antisocial behaviour ..........42 2.3.5 Development, course and consequences of adolescent antisocial behaviour............................................................................................45 2.3.5.1 Etiology of adolescent antisocial behav ...
The Placebo Effect
... Parkinson’s disease. Expectation plays a key role in Parkinson’s disease as well. Expectation of either good or bad motor performance has been found to modulate the therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson patients (25, 26) and this effect is independent of previous conditioning (1 ...
... Parkinson’s disease. Expectation plays a key role in Parkinson’s disease as well. Expectation of either good or bad motor performance has been found to modulate the therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson patients (25, 26) and this effect is independent of previous conditioning (1 ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... part in sequencing and selecting behavioral strategies. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study using human subjects, Seitz and Roland (1992) demonstrated a selective increase of regional blood flow in the putamen and globus pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Mats ...
... part in sequencing and selecting behavioral strategies. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study using human subjects, Seitz and Roland (1992) demonstrated a selective increase of regional blood flow in the putamen and globus pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Mats ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
... functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present in utero, while others mature in childhood. Around 10 major RSNs are consistently found in adults, but their exact spatial extent and strength of coherence are affec ...
... functional MR imaging can be applied in special populations such as children and patients with dementia. Some RSNs are already present in utero, while others mature in childhood. Around 10 major RSNs are consistently found in adults, but their exact spatial extent and strength of coherence are affec ...
10 Anxiety in Functional Pain Disorders Bruce D. Naliboff and Jamie L. Rhudy
... and early life trauma may raise the probability of both functional pain disorders and anxiety-related conditions. Although a review of these literatures is beyond the scope of this chapter, it is relevant to note that there is some evidence that childhood abuse is most highly associated with panic d ...
... and early life trauma may raise the probability of both functional pain disorders and anxiety-related conditions. Although a review of these literatures is beyond the scope of this chapter, it is relevant to note that there is some evidence that childhood abuse is most highly associated with panic d ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
... • The discovery of a strong correlation between REM sleep and visual dreaming in humans has reversed many commonly held notes on about dreams. Every one dreams in regular cycles several times at night but they are not well remembered. • The probability of recall in a dream falls to zero within 8 min ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... All vPFC axons enter the UF immediately adjacent to their cortical region. Within the UF, fiber bundles from each injection site split into three groups, a medial, dorsal, and lateral group. Each of these groups of fibers contains subsets of axons that travel in different WM tracts, the specifics of ...
... All vPFC axons enter the UF immediately adjacent to their cortical region. Within the UF, fiber bundles from each injection site split into three groups, a medial, dorsal, and lateral group. Each of these groups of fibers contains subsets of axons that travel in different WM tracts, the specifics of ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... generate something similar to a synaptic modification rule analyzed by Oja8 that illustrates the power of stable, competitive Hebbian plasticity (see Math Box). The Oja rule combines Hebbian plasticity with a term that multiplicatively decreases the efficacy of all synapses at a rate proportional to ...
... generate something similar to a synaptic modification rule analyzed by Oja8 that illustrates the power of stable, competitive Hebbian plasticity (see Math Box). The Oja rule combines Hebbian plasticity with a term that multiplicatively decreases the efficacy of all synapses at a rate proportional to ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... with other cortical and subcortical structures. Classically known as polymodal, prefrontal cortices receive distributed projections from areas associated with each of t h e sensory modalities but do not appear to be committed to processing input from any single sensory modality (for reviews, see Bar ...
... with other cortical and subcortical structures. Classically known as polymodal, prefrontal cortices receive distributed projections from areas associated with each of t h e sensory modalities but do not appear to be committed to processing input from any single sensory modality (for reviews, see Bar ...
Metabolic signals in sleep regulation: recent insights The Harvard
... credence to the fundamental idea of the interactive manifestations of circadian rhythmicity, sleep-wake regulation, and feeding in order to maintain the physiological energy balance. In the brain, the levels of the high energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate, exhibit a diurnal pattern with highest ...
... credence to the fundamental idea of the interactive manifestations of circadian rhythmicity, sleep-wake regulation, and feeding in order to maintain the physiological energy balance. In the brain, the levels of the high energy molecule, adenosine triphosphate, exhibit a diurnal pattern with highest ...
Biology of depression
Scientific studies have found that numerous brain areas show altered activity in patients suffering from depression, and this has encouraged advocates of various theories that seek to identify a biochemical origin of the disease, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, of which the most prominent and widely researched is the monoamine hypothesis.