Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions
... and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multi-protein complexes at the ankyrin and actin binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the du ...
... and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multi-protein complexes at the ankyrin and actin binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the du ...
Structural Insights into Triglyceride Storage Mediated by
... FIT1 and FIT2 are six-transmembrane-domain-containing proteins FIT1 and FIT2 comprise a unique family of proteins that do not have homology to known proteins or protein domains found in any species. In order to create a foundation for structure-function analysis of FIT proteins, we sought to create ...
... FIT1 and FIT2 are six-transmembrane-domain-containing proteins FIT1 and FIT2 comprise a unique family of proteins that do not have homology to known proteins or protein domains found in any species. In order to create a foundation for structure-function analysis of FIT proteins, we sought to create ...
Invited Chapter One
... Of the three subfamilies that include only nematode proteins two contain a single sequence and the third contains three proteins. Even though they signal for a DPP/BMP subfamily member and they are clearly R-Smads, SMA-2 and SMA-3 are different enough from other R-Smads (and each other) that they ea ...
... Of the three subfamilies that include only nematode proteins two contain a single sequence and the third contains three proteins. Even though they signal for a DPP/BMP subfamily member and they are clearly R-Smads, SMA-2 and SMA-3 are different enough from other R-Smads (and each other) that they ea ...
Vmax Regulation through Domain and Subunit Changes. The Active
... All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were of research grade unless specifically indicated otherwise. 5′-AMP-Sepharose was obtained from Pharmacia. Protein concentration was determined conventionally by absorbance at 280 nm using an E1% ) 6.7 and after purification by the Bradford meth ...
... All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were of research grade unless specifically indicated otherwise. 5′-AMP-Sepharose was obtained from Pharmacia. Protein concentration was determined conventionally by absorbance at 280 nm using an E1% ) 6.7 and after purification by the Bradford meth ...
Structure of human cystathionine synthase: a
... The structure of glutaredoxin from Escherichia coli can be roughly superimposed onto CBS (Figure 3D). In this superposition a-helix 1 of glutaredoxin ®ts onto a-helix 7 of CBS and a-helix 3 onto a-helix 8 of CBS, but in opposite directions. The four strands of the central b-sheet of glutaredoxin ®t ...
... The structure of glutaredoxin from Escherichia coli can be roughly superimposed onto CBS (Figure 3D). In this superposition a-helix 1 of glutaredoxin ®ts onto a-helix 7 of CBS and a-helix 3 onto a-helix 8 of CBS, but in opposite directions. The four strands of the central b-sheet of glutaredoxin ®t ...
Toxin-Resistant Sodium Channels: Parallel Adaptive Evolution
... species. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression of a vertebrate sodium channel, we also demonstrate that resistance to TTX/STX is enhanced up to 15-fold by single, frequently observed replacements at 2 sites that have not previously been implicated in toxin binding but show similar or identi ...
... species. Using site-directed mutagenesis and expression of a vertebrate sodium channel, we also demonstrate that resistance to TTX/STX is enhanced up to 15-fold by single, frequently observed replacements at 2 sites that have not previously been implicated in toxin binding but show similar or identi ...
Allosteric Inhibition of Aminoglycoside Phosphotransferase by a
... whereas B and D represent AR_3a proteins. In the crystal, mAPH forms a pseudodimer, in which the molecules are related by a non-perfect 2-fold axis (150° rotation; 10° tilt) (Figure 2B) instead of the perfect 2-fold axis in the wtAPH structure (Figure 2C). The pseudodimer contacts cover about 1350 Å ...
... whereas B and D represent AR_3a proteins. In the crystal, mAPH forms a pseudodimer, in which the molecules are related by a non-perfect 2-fold axis (150° rotation; 10° tilt) (Figure 2B) instead of the perfect 2-fold axis in the wtAPH structure (Figure 2C). The pseudodimer contacts cover about 1350 Å ...
Synthetic human prion protein octapeptide repeat binds to the
... The NMR structure of the recombinant human prion protein, rhPrP (23–230), includes a globular domain (residues 125–228) and an N-terminal disordered tail [7]. The fragment between residues 53 and 85 consists of repeats of the sequence GGGWGQPH and can be defined as an ‘‘octapeptide repeat (OPR) regio ...
... The NMR structure of the recombinant human prion protein, rhPrP (23–230), includes a globular domain (residues 125–228) and an N-terminal disordered tail [7]. The fragment between residues 53 and 85 consists of repeats of the sequence GGGWGQPH and can be defined as an ‘‘octapeptide repeat (OPR) regio ...
COMMUNICATION
... tained (Fig. 2). The p150.95 and Mac-1 a subunits are 17).Our comparison withthe humanMac-1 and p150.95 54% identical, demonstrating a close relationship be- a subunit sequences demonstrates thatthey are distinct tween the two a subunit genes. The differences demon- from but homologous to the human ...
... tained (Fig. 2). The p150.95 and Mac-1 a subunits are 17).Our comparison withthe humanMac-1 and p150.95 54% identical, demonstrating a close relationship be- a subunit sequences demonstrates thatthey are distinct tween the two a subunit genes. The differences demon- from but homologous to the human ...
Integration and topology of membrane proteins Carolina Boekel
... The so-called “snorkel effect” occurs when charged residues with long aliphatic side chains can stretch along the surface of the helix (Chamberlain et al., 2004). This allows the charged terminal group to reach into the lipid headgroup region, even when the Cα is five to six residues below the membr ...
... The so-called “snorkel effect” occurs when charged residues with long aliphatic side chains can stretch along the surface of the helix (Chamberlain et al., 2004). This allows the charged terminal group to reach into the lipid headgroup region, even when the Cα is five to six residues below the membr ...
Simple Models of the Protein Folding Problem
... storage, coordinated motion, mechanical support, signal transduction, control and regulation, and immune response. A protein consists of a chain of amino acids whose sequence is determined by the information in DNA/RNA. There are 20 natural amino acids nature uses to make up proteins. These differ ...
... storage, coordinated motion, mechanical support, signal transduction, control and regulation, and immune response. A protein consists of a chain of amino acids whose sequence is determined by the information in DNA/RNA. There are 20 natural amino acids nature uses to make up proteins. These differ ...
The role of carbohydrate in sperm
... affinities for their substrates, e.g. the arabinose binding protein has a K
... affinities for their substrates, e.g. the arabinose binding protein has a K
Targeting of Proteins to the Outer Envelope Membrane Uses a
... Jahnig, 1990) with a major hydrophilic domain connecting two membrane spanning domains. The conformation of the C-terminal end of the polypeptide is not clear; although it is hydrophobic, its hydrophobicity and its length are probably not sufficient for this region of the polypeptide to span the mem ...
... Jahnig, 1990) with a major hydrophilic domain connecting two membrane spanning domains. The conformation of the C-terminal end of the polypeptide is not clear; although it is hydrophobic, its hydrophobicity and its length are probably not sufficient for this region of the polypeptide to span the mem ...
Crystal structure of yeast hexokinase Pl in complex
... for all data to 2.95 Å (94.44% for the highest resolution shell). The crystal belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with cell constants of a 5 62.12 Å, b 5 78.87 Å, and c 5 144.74 Å. Estimation of the solvent content indicated that the crystal contained one molecule per asymmetric un ...
... for all data to 2.95 Å (94.44% for the highest resolution shell). The crystal belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with cell constants of a 5 62.12 Å, b 5 78.87 Å, and c 5 144.74 Å. Estimation of the solvent content indicated that the crystal contained one molecule per asymmetric un ...
High resolution crystal structures of unliganded
... The amino acid sequences of the ACBPs of known structure, including the sequence of the human ACBP (hLACBP), are listed in Figure 1. All known structures have the same four-helix bundle fold (helices A1, A2, A3, and A4), with a 13-residue loop insertion between the parallel helix-pair of A2 and A3. ...
... The amino acid sequences of the ACBPs of known structure, including the sequence of the human ACBP (hLACBP), are listed in Figure 1. All known structures have the same four-helix bundle fold (helices A1, A2, A3, and A4), with a 13-residue loop insertion between the parallel helix-pair of A2 and A3. ...
Deletion mutant of FGFR4 induces onion
... transported to both the plasma membrane and the juxtanuclear, endosomal recycling compartment, which is BFA resistant and partially overlaps with the Golgi apparatus in the juxtanuclear region. Receptors lacking the extracellular region were inefficiently transported through the secretory pathway an ...
... transported to both the plasma membrane and the juxtanuclear, endosomal recycling compartment, which is BFA resistant and partially overlaps with the Golgi apparatus in the juxtanuclear region. Receptors lacking the extracellular region were inefficiently transported through the secretory pathway an ...
Deletion mutant of FGFR4 induces onion
... transported to both the plasma membrane and the juxtanuclear, endosomal recycling compartment, which is BFA resistant and partially overlaps with the Golgi apparatus in the juxtanuclear region. Receptors lacking the extracellular region were inefficiently transported through the secretory pathway an ...
... transported to both the plasma membrane and the juxtanuclear, endosomal recycling compartment, which is BFA resistant and partially overlaps with the Golgi apparatus in the juxtanuclear region. Receptors lacking the extracellular region were inefficiently transported through the secretory pathway an ...
How flexible is α-actinin`s rod domain?
... to cross-link the anti-parallel actin filaments [Masaki, Abstract: α−actinin, an actin binding protein, plays a Endo, and Ebashi (1967)]. On the other hand, in nonkey role in cell migration, cross-links actin filaments in muscle cells, α-actinin organizes the cortical cytoskelethe Z-disk, and is a m ...
... to cross-link the anti-parallel actin filaments [Masaki, Abstract: α−actinin, an actin binding protein, plays a Endo, and Ebashi (1967)]. On the other hand, in nonkey role in cell migration, cross-links actin filaments in muscle cells, α-actinin organizes the cortical cytoskelethe Z-disk, and is a m ...
Large-scale analysis of Influenza A virus nucleoprotein sequence
... with a negative-strand RNA genome organized into eight separate segments, which code for eleven or more proteins dependent on the particular virus strain (reviewed in e.g. in Das et al. (2010)). Based on the antigenic properties of the proteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase the virus is classifie ...
... with a negative-strand RNA genome organized into eight separate segments, which code for eleven or more proteins dependent on the particular virus strain (reviewed in e.g. in Das et al. (2010)). Based on the antigenic properties of the proteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase the virus is classifie ...
1 Biochemistry 462a – Hemoglobin Structure and Function Reading
... o Because of the way in which the subunits are packed together, one subunit cannot shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation without causing the others to change also, even though the other subunits have not bound O2. o Once the other subunits have shifted to the oxy conformation, the affinity of the ...
... o Because of the way in which the subunits are packed together, one subunit cannot shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation without causing the others to change also, even though the other subunits have not bound O2. o Once the other subunits have shifted to the oxy conformation, the affinity of the ...
- Wiley Online Library
... mutant (Table 1), indicating that these His residues only partially participate in P14K function. In addition, residue Arg96, which is conserved among the self-subunit swapping chaperones (Fig. 2), was also changed to investigate any effect on P14K function. The purified mutant NHase encoded by AB-s ...
... mutant (Table 1), indicating that these His residues only partially participate in P14K function. In addition, residue Arg96, which is conserved among the self-subunit swapping chaperones (Fig. 2), was also changed to investigate any effect on P14K function. The purified mutant NHase encoded by AB-s ...
Simple models of the protein folding problem
... ratio approaches that of real proteins, the highly designable structures often have bundles of pleats and long strands, reminiscent of ! helices and " strands in real proteins; in additon, some of the highly designable structures have tertiary symmetries ...
... ratio approaches that of real proteins, the highly designable structures often have bundles of pleats and long strands, reminiscent of ! helices and " strands in real proteins; in additon, some of the highly designable structures have tertiary symmetries ...
Evolutionary Relationships and Protein Domain Architecture in an
... between the catalytically active domain II and domain IV, transmitting and amplifying conformational changes between the two adjacent domains. Domain IV (170 amino acids) contains five EF-hand motifs able to bind calcium. This activity is essential for enzyme activity and also for the dimerization wi ...
... between the catalytically active domain II and domain IV, transmitting and amplifying conformational changes between the two adjacent domains. Domain IV (170 amino acids) contains five EF-hand motifs able to bind calcium. This activity is essential for enzyme activity and also for the dimerization wi ...
Engineering of factors determining alpha-amylase and
... All A-amylases studied have a small residue at this position (Gly, Leu, Ser, Thr or Val), in contrast to CGTases which have a more bulky aromatic residue (Tyr or Phe) at this position, which is highly conserved. Characterization of the F196G mutant CGTase of T. thermosulfurigenes EM1 revealed that, ...
... All A-amylases studied have a small residue at this position (Gly, Leu, Ser, Thr or Val), in contrast to CGTases which have a more bulky aromatic residue (Tyr or Phe) at this position, which is highly conserved. Characterization of the F196G mutant CGTase of T. thermosulfurigenes EM1 revealed that, ...
Teaching Active Transport At the Turn of the Twenty
... per n (2 in our case) number of calcium ions transported per cycle. K aCaEP and K b CaEP are the association constants of the enzyme for Ca+2 in the ground state and following activation by ATP. With reference to the reaction scheme given above, the two relevant constants are K 1 and 1/K 5 . Correct ...
... per n (2 in our case) number of calcium ions transported per cycle. K aCaEP and K b CaEP are the association constants of the enzyme for Ca+2 in the ground state and following activation by ATP. With reference to the reaction scheme given above, the two relevant constants are K 1 and 1/K 5 . Correct ...
Anthrax toxin
Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis—the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). These three protein components act together to impart their physiological effects. Assembled complexes containing the toxin components are endocytosed. In the endosome, the enzymatic components of the toxin translocate into the cytoplasm of a target cell. Once in the cytosol, the enzymatic components of the toxin disrupts various immune cell functions, namely cellular signaling and cell migration. The toxin may even induce cell lysis, as is observed for macrophage cells. Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to evade the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host animal. Research on anthrax toxin also provides insight into the generation of macromolecular assemblies, and on protein translocation, pore formation, endocytosis, and other biochemical processes.