... B2: (6 pts) Answer ONE of the following two questions, please indicate which one you are answering i) The principle component of margarine or butter are triglycerides. Both margarine and butter melt on hot summer days. Suggest a way of altering the triglyceride composition to prevent melting in the ...
The Structural Basis of Molecular Adaptation
... problem of studying ancient adaptations. Phylogenies are needed for that. And so, three decades later, the field of molecular adaptation emerges cleaved between phylogenetics and physiological genetics, between history and mechanism, between pattern and process. That this is the case is hardly surpr ...
... problem of studying ancient adaptations. Phylogenies are needed for that. And so, three decades later, the field of molecular adaptation emerges cleaved between phylogenetics and physiological genetics, between history and mechanism, between pattern and process. That this is the case is hardly surpr ...
IN SILICO SCREENING, SYNTHESIS AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF SOME... DERIVATIVES AS DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITORS FOR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY:
... Objective: The main objective of this research was to in silico screen, synthesize, characterize and in vitro evaluate some quinazolin-/e/one derivatives as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors for anti-cancer activity. Method: The present study reports a new series of Quinazoline and quinazoli ...
... Objective: The main objective of this research was to in silico screen, synthesize, characterize and in vitro evaluate some quinazolin-/e/one derivatives as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors for anti-cancer activity. Method: The present study reports a new series of Quinazoline and quinazoli ...
Nucleotide Metabolism Nucleotide sources - Rose
... Purine synthesis Purine production occurs primarily in the liver, although most tissues produce at least small amounts. Purine biosynthesis begins with ribose-5-phosphate (a product of the hexose monophosphate pathway), and ends with the hypoxanthinecontaining inosine monophosphate. Both of the firs ...
... Purine synthesis Purine production occurs primarily in the liver, although most tissues produce at least small amounts. Purine biosynthesis begins with ribose-5-phosphate (a product of the hexose monophosphate pathway), and ends with the hypoxanthinecontaining inosine monophosphate. Both of the firs ...
3.7 Energy-Rich Compounds
... isomerase enzymes and fermented by the glycolytic pathway. Polysaccharides are important structural components of microbial cell walls, capsules, slime layers, and storage products, and many polysaccharides can be fermented. Cellulose and starch are two of the most abundant natural polysaccharides. ...
... isomerase enzymes and fermented by the glycolytic pathway. Polysaccharides are important structural components of microbial cell walls, capsules, slime layers, and storage products, and many polysaccharides can be fermented. Cellulose and starch are two of the most abundant natural polysaccharides. ...
amino acid, peptides, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids
... figures greatly in the present chapter. We will approach the very important chemistry of amino acids and their derivatives in three stages. First, simple a-amino acids will be considered with emphasis on how the properties of amine functions and of acid functions are modified in molecules that posse ...
... figures greatly in the present chapter. We will approach the very important chemistry of amino acids and their derivatives in three stages. First, simple a-amino acids will be considered with emphasis on how the properties of amine functions and of acid functions are modified in molecules that posse ...
Exploration of binding site pattern in arachidonic
... AA is the substrate common to variety of COXs and LOXs, inhibition of one pathway results in diversion of the substrate to other pathways, which often is responsible for undesirable side effects. Hence there is need for development of not only isozyme specific inhibitors but also dual/multi enzyme i ...
... AA is the substrate common to variety of COXs and LOXs, inhibition of one pathway results in diversion of the substrate to other pathways, which often is responsible for undesirable side effects. Hence there is need for development of not only isozyme specific inhibitors but also dual/multi enzyme i ...
Outline Overview: The Molecules of Life Macromolecules are
... When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes Phospholipids are the major component of all ...
... When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes Phospholipids are the major component of all ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... Fibrous and Globular Proteins Many proteins can be classified into two groups based on their general structural features. Fibrous proteins, such as keratins and collagens, have polypeptide chains arranged in long strands or sheets. These proteins usually consist mostly of a single type of secondar ...
... Fibrous and Globular Proteins Many proteins can be classified into two groups based on their general structural features. Fibrous proteins, such as keratins and collagens, have polypeptide chains arranged in long strands or sheets. These proteins usually consist mostly of a single type of secondar ...
Essential Biology Topic 3 File
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C ...
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO 2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C ...
Sporopollenin Biosynthetic Enzymes Interact and
... and angiosperm species, thus suggesting that they participate in an ancient, conserved metabolic pathway that was probably determinant in the evolution of land plants. The sites of synthesis and transport of sporopollenin precursors in tapetal cells, as well as the mechanisms of secretion of sporopo ...
... and angiosperm species, thus suggesting that they participate in an ancient, conserved metabolic pathway that was probably determinant in the evolution of land plants. The sites of synthesis and transport of sporopollenin precursors in tapetal cells, as well as the mechanisms of secretion of sporopo ...
Gluconeogenesis
... mitochondria and allows a replenishment of oxaloacetate. Isocitrate lyase - cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. The succinate goes to the mitochondria Malate synthase makes malate from glyoxylate and AcetylCoA. The Oxaloacetate can go directly to carbohydrate synthesis. ...
... mitochondria and allows a replenishment of oxaloacetate. Isocitrate lyase - cleaves isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate. The succinate goes to the mitochondria Malate synthase makes malate from glyoxylate and AcetylCoA. The Oxaloacetate can go directly to carbohydrate synthesis. ...
Karbohidrat Metabolizması
... by adenine nucleotides. Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by AMP. This insures that when cellular ATP is high (AMP would then be low), glucose is not degraded to make ATP. It is more useful to th ...
... by adenine nucleotides. Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) is inhibited by AMP. This insures that when cellular ATP is high (AMP would then be low), glucose is not degraded to make ATP. It is more useful to th ...
Glycolysis - Rose
... Note that for glycolysis to proceed, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate must be formed, in spite of the fact that the ∆G´° for the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is positive. During glycolysis, the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate occurs because the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is immediately ...
... Note that for glycolysis to proceed, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate must be formed, in spite of the fact that the ∆G´° for the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is positive. During glycolysis, the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate occurs because the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is immediately ...
File
... hydrogen, draw a triangle around the amino group, draw a rectangle around the carboxyl group and circle the R group with a red pencil. 6) Discuss the 4 levels of protein structure and how there are important to the organism. 7) Define enzyme. 8) What does an enzyme do to the rate of a reaction? 9) H ...
... hydrogen, draw a triangle around the amino group, draw a rectangle around the carboxyl group and circle the R group with a red pencil. 6) Discuss the 4 levels of protein structure and how there are important to the organism. 7) Define enzyme. 8) What does an enzyme do to the rate of a reaction? 9) H ...
Presentation
... Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK) • Transfer of phosphoryl group from the energyrich mixed anhydride 1,3BPG to ADP yields ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) • Substrate-level phosphorylation - Steps 6 and 7 couple oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
... Phosphoglycerate Kinase (PGK) • Transfer of phosphoryl group from the energyrich mixed anhydride 1,3BPG to ADP yields ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) • Substrate-level phosphorylation - Steps 6 and 7 couple oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP ...
PDF - School of Chemical Sciences
... (GDH) and the use of a mutant FDH from Pseudomonas sp.101 (mut-Pse FDH). However, both NADPH regeneration systems suffer from various disadvantages such as strong product inhibition (GDH), high Km values (GDH and FDH), high enzyme cost (GDH and FDH) and low catalytic activity (FDH) [11,12]. Due to t ...
... (GDH) and the use of a mutant FDH from Pseudomonas sp.101 (mut-Pse FDH). However, both NADPH regeneration systems suffer from various disadvantages such as strong product inhibition (GDH), high Km values (GDH and FDH), high enzyme cost (GDH and FDH) and low catalytic activity (FDH) [11,12]. Due to t ...
Patrick Cramer Anton Meinhart, Tobias Silberzahn and
... “Experimental Procedures”). Data are shown as the percentage of Ssu72 activity in the absence of inhibitors. B, determination of the inhibitory constant Ki for phosphate ions. Slopes of four individual Lineweaver-Burk plots from Km determinations at various phosphate concentrations were plotted agai ...
... “Experimental Procedures”). Data are shown as the percentage of Ssu72 activity in the absence of inhibitors. B, determination of the inhibitory constant Ki for phosphate ions. Slopes of four individual Lineweaver-Burk plots from Km determinations at various phosphate concentrations were plotted agai ...
Subnetwork hierarchies of biochemical pathways
... ther a source or sink, and then consider connected components of ‘internal’ metabolites as subnetworks, the motivation being that the system can be regarded as buffered with respect to the substrates participating in the largest number of reactions (Fell and Wagner, 2000). If the relabelling of an i ...
... ther a source or sink, and then consider connected components of ‘internal’ metabolites as subnetworks, the motivation being that the system can be regarded as buffered with respect to the substrates participating in the largest number of reactions (Fell and Wagner, 2000). If the relabelling of an i ...
Nomenclature of Nucleotides and Nucleosides
... a. Formation. Fluorouracil may react directly with PRPP to form F-UMP, or it may first be converted to fluorouridine and then phosphorylated to F-UMP. b. Phosphorylation. F-UMP may be phosphorylated to the nucleoside triphosphate and be incorporated into RNA, where it may have some inhibitory effect ...
... a. Formation. Fluorouracil may react directly with PRPP to form F-UMP, or it may first be converted to fluorouridine and then phosphorylated to F-UMP. b. Phosphorylation. F-UMP may be phosphorylated to the nucleoside triphosphate and be incorporated into RNA, where it may have some inhibitory effect ...
Glucansucrases: mechanism of action and structure–function
... necessary. Glucansucrases have an industrial value because of the production of dextrans and oligosaccharides and a biological importance by their key role in the cariogenic process. They were identified more than 50 years ago. The first glucansucrase encoding gene was cloned more than 10 years ago. ...
... necessary. Glucansucrases have an industrial value because of the production of dextrans and oligosaccharides and a biological importance by their key role in the cariogenic process. They were identified more than 50 years ago. The first glucansucrase encoding gene was cloned more than 10 years ago. ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.