ch.6
... • It has a molecular weight of 5,000 to 3,000,000 • They are the most important of the biologic substances being the fundamental constituent of cell cytoplasm. • They supply not only heat and energy but also material for building and repair. • Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, only small amounts of p ...
... • It has a molecular weight of 5,000 to 3,000,000 • They are the most important of the biologic substances being the fundamental constituent of cell cytoplasm. • They supply not only heat and energy but also material for building and repair. • Unlike carbohydrates and lipids, only small amounts of p ...
PDF File
... analogous results were obtained from site-directed mutagenesis and substrate modifications in additional enzymes (e.g., refs 10-13). Recent results with the hammerhead and Tetrahymena ribozymes have extended this principle to RNA enzymes (14-17). As noted by Jencks and others, binding interactions c ...
... analogous results were obtained from site-directed mutagenesis and substrate modifications in additional enzymes (e.g., refs 10-13). Recent results with the hammerhead and Tetrahymena ribozymes have extended this principle to RNA enzymes (14-17). As noted by Jencks and others, binding interactions c ...
Cellular Energy
... ATP Synthesis During Oxidative Phosphorylation • Because the oxidation of NADH contributes more to the proton gradient than the oxidation of FADH2, more ATP is synthesized from NADH than FADH2 • On average, for each NADH that is oxidized 3 molecules of ATP are synthesized – 10 NADH x 3 ATP = 30 ATP ...
... ATP Synthesis During Oxidative Phosphorylation • Because the oxidation of NADH contributes more to the proton gradient than the oxidation of FADH2, more ATP is synthesized from NADH than FADH2 • On average, for each NADH that is oxidized 3 molecules of ATP are synthesized – 10 NADH x 3 ATP = 30 ATP ...
The Urea Cycle - Rose
... produce citrulline. Citrulline then leaves the mitochondria using a specific transporter, because the remaining reactions occur in the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, citrulline is combined with aspartate by argininosuccinate synthetase to form argininosuccinate, in a reaction that requires ATP, a ...
... produce citrulline. Citrulline then leaves the mitochondria using a specific transporter, because the remaining reactions occur in the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, citrulline is combined with aspartate by argininosuccinate synthetase to form argininosuccinate, in a reaction that requires ATP, a ...
Exam 2
... b. Phosphoglucomutase has a phosphorylated Ser in the active site. c. In glycogen synthesis, a glucose is attached to the non-reducing end of glycogen. d. In the glycogen debranching process, free glucose is produced. e. None of the above 15. The followings are some descriptions about pyruvate dehyd ...
... b. Phosphoglucomutase has a phosphorylated Ser in the active site. c. In glycogen synthesis, a glucose is attached to the non-reducing end of glycogen. d. In the glycogen debranching process, free glucose is produced. e. None of the above 15. The followings are some descriptions about pyruvate dehyd ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... cells were collected by centrifugation (1.6 g of packed cells) and stored frozen in liquid nitrogen. All further steps were made anaerobically and close to 4 °C. The cells were extracted (29), and clear crude extracts were obtained by high speed centrifugation and dialyzed overnight against buffer A ...
... cells were collected by centrifugation (1.6 g of packed cells) and stored frozen in liquid nitrogen. All further steps were made anaerobically and close to 4 °C. The cells were extracted (29), and clear crude extracts were obtained by high speed centrifugation and dialyzed overnight against buffer A ...
Synthesis of esterified solid fat from fractionated
... esters (FAME), F-07, was acquired from Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmö, Sweden). All the other chemicals and solvents came from VWR (Stockholm, Sweden), unless otherwise stated. Fractionation of RSO RSO and acetone were mixed together at a ratio of 1:5 (v/v) in a conical flask. The conical flask wa ...
... esters (FAME), F-07, was acquired from Larodan Fine Chemicals AB (Malmö, Sweden). All the other chemicals and solvents came from VWR (Stockholm, Sweden), unless otherwise stated. Fractionation of RSO RSO and acetone were mixed together at a ratio of 1:5 (v/v) in a conical flask. The conical flask wa ...
The 92-kDa chitinase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis contains a
... our laboratory. We isolated 42-, 22- and 14-kDa proteinases by FPLC from the protein concentrate in the presence of Pefabloc SC. The proteins were blotted and the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined. As can be seen from Table 1, the amino acid sequences of the three proteinases are identical. ...
... our laboratory. We isolated 42-, 22- and 14-kDa proteinases by FPLC from the protein concentrate in the presence of Pefabloc SC. The proteins were blotted and the N-terminal amino acid sequence determined. As can be seen from Table 1, the amino acid sequences of the three proteinases are identical. ...
Problem Set 1
... The COX-2 pathway was discovered in 1991 and, because it is upregulated during inflammation, it was anticipated that this would be a more specific target than COX-1 (which produces homeostatic prostaglandins and is therefore always active). ...
... The COX-2 pathway was discovered in 1991 and, because it is upregulated during inflammation, it was anticipated that this would be a more specific target than COX-1 (which produces homeostatic prostaglandins and is therefore always active). ...
Regulation 1. Short term control
... synthesis occuring in the cytoplasm. In this way, if one pathway is turned on, there is no competition from the other pathway operating in the opposite direction. (b) hormonal: The effect of hormones was mentioned in a few sections, but the main contact was in glycogen metabolism where adrenalin was ...
... synthesis occuring in the cytoplasm. In this way, if one pathway is turned on, there is no competition from the other pathway operating in the opposite direction. (b) hormonal: The effect of hormones was mentioned in a few sections, but the main contact was in glycogen metabolism where adrenalin was ...
Proteins and Albumin
... of amino acids that contain fewer than 50 or so residues are usually referred to as peptides; the smallest peptides have names preceded by a prefix that indicates the number of residues. For instance, dipeptide, tripeptide, and tetrapeptide indicate 2, 3, and 4 amino-acid chains, respectively. Amino ...
... of amino acids that contain fewer than 50 or so residues are usually referred to as peptides; the smallest peptides have names preceded by a prefix that indicates the number of residues. For instance, dipeptide, tripeptide, and tetrapeptide indicate 2, 3, and 4 amino-acid chains, respectively. Amino ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... chromatography followed by collection of fatty acid esters and determination of their radioactivity. For the former, HPTLC plates (Merck; HPTLC silica gel 60 with concentrating zone) were dipped into a saturated solution of AgNO, in acetone, dried with a flow of cool air, and used immediately; a sam ...
... chromatography followed by collection of fatty acid esters and determination of their radioactivity. For the former, HPTLC plates (Merck; HPTLC silica gel 60 with concentrating zone) were dipped into a saturated solution of AgNO, in acetone, dried with a flow of cool air, and used immediately; a sam ...
PPT CH 22
... • Is the oxygen-requiring breakdown of food and production of ATP • Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation as energy from oxidative reactions is used to phosphorylate ADP making ATP • Performed by enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix • Three oxidations transfer hydride to NAD+ or FAD • Elec ...
... • Is the oxygen-requiring breakdown of food and production of ATP • Process is also called oxidative phosphorylation as energy from oxidative reactions is used to phosphorylate ADP making ATP • Performed by enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix • Three oxidations transfer hydride to NAD+ or FAD • Elec ...
Document
... – We can make twelve of the twenty amino acids. – The rest we must consume in our food. If we don’t get it the body uses one that we do have to make what’s missing. This results in certain proteins not being made. ...
... – We can make twelve of the twenty amino acids. – The rest we must consume in our food. If we don’t get it the body uses one that we do have to make what’s missing. This results in certain proteins not being made. ...
1 - Humble ISD
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C ...
... extra carbon is released as carbon dioxide. Acetyl CoA can also be produced from fatty acids. When the fatty acid chain contains an even number of carbons, no CO2 is released. How many Acetyl CoA molecules can be produced with the following fatty acids? a. 23C ...
H - Departamento de Física Geral
... temperature at which a protein unfolds (or double-stranded elts) is called the melting temperature, Tm. This temperature s not only on the number and type of non-covalent bonds in ed state but also on the pH and other solution conditions. Tm pends on the pressure, but most biological science experir ...
... temperature at which a protein unfolds (or double-stranded elts) is called the melting temperature, Tm. This temperature s not only on the number and type of non-covalent bonds in ed state but also on the pH and other solution conditions. Tm pends on the pressure, but most biological science experir ...
Development of Small Designer Aldolase Enzymes: Catalytic Activity
... and the culture was incubated at 37 °C overnight. After centrifugation and PEG precipitation as described above, the phage precipitate was resuspended in 1% BSA/PBS (pH 7.4) (2.0 mL) and filtered (0.2 µm). This phage solution was used for further panning. For the second and third rounds, phage were ...
... and the culture was incubated at 37 °C overnight. After centrifugation and PEG precipitation as described above, the phage precipitate was resuspended in 1% BSA/PBS (pH 7.4) (2.0 mL) and filtered (0.2 µm). This phage solution was used for further panning. For the second and third rounds, phage were ...
Involvement of mitochondria in the assimilatory
... 7-8 mm, Bio-Rad) at 30 "C. The column was eluted with 0.005 M H,SO, at a flow rate of 0.6 ml min-'. The detector was a Waters 441 UV-meter at 210 nm, which was coupled to a Waters 741 data module. Glycerol and ethanol were also measured using this column by the use of a refraction index detector whi ...
... 7-8 mm, Bio-Rad) at 30 "C. The column was eluted with 0.005 M H,SO, at a flow rate of 0.6 ml min-'. The detector was a Waters 441 UV-meter at 210 nm, which was coupled to a Waters 741 data module. Glycerol and ethanol were also measured using this column by the use of a refraction index detector whi ...
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... asymmetry around the carbon. Proteins consist of the L form of amino acids, and as these stereoisomers possess distinct biological properties and are not readily interconverted, you should choose the form that is normally utilized by cells. 28. Cysteine often plays an important role in stabilizing ...
... asymmetry around the carbon. Proteins consist of the L form of amino acids, and as these stereoisomers possess distinct biological properties and are not readily interconverted, you should choose the form that is normally utilized by cells. 28. Cysteine often plays an important role in stabilizing ...
biochemistry - Textbooks Online
... as Integral or Intrinsic membrane proteins. They are again classified into two. (a). Transmembrane proteins, which traverse (pass through) or span the membrane. These proteins will have domains on either side of the membrane. Many cell surface receptors belong to this class. (b). Lipid anchored prot ...
... as Integral or Intrinsic membrane proteins. They are again classified into two. (a). Transmembrane proteins, which traverse (pass through) or span the membrane. These proteins will have domains on either side of the membrane. Many cell surface receptors belong to this class. (b). Lipid anchored prot ...
The energy-less red blood cell is lost: erythrocyte
... phosphorylation. Several enzymes, including hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and aldolase, display much higher activity in reticulocytes and are often referred to as the age-related enzymes.9 A number of red blood cell enzymopathies concern enzymes expressed in other tissues as well. In genera ...
... phosphorylation. Several enzymes, including hexokinase (HK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and aldolase, display much higher activity in reticulocytes and are often referred to as the age-related enzymes.9 A number of red blood cell enzymopathies concern enzymes expressed in other tissues as well. In genera ...
Pdf - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... million dalton. So, you can you can understand that, how complex this particular molecule is, each contain covalently linked lipoic acid. So, this is a huge enzyme and it is obviously allosteric in nature, intra cellular and it plays the different various significant roles as far as the TCA cycle i ...
... million dalton. So, you can you can understand that, how complex this particular molecule is, each contain covalently linked lipoic acid. So, this is a huge enzyme and it is obviously allosteric in nature, intra cellular and it plays the different various significant roles as far as the TCA cycle i ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.