Teacher`s Guide - American Chemical Society
... the more common substrates contain different sugars and a complex carbohydrate polymer, cellulose, found in plants. Micro-organisms contain certain enzymes, such as cellulases, which are incapable of being synthesized by humans. Microbial cellulases hydrolyze cellulose into sugars, which are then re ...
... the more common substrates contain different sugars and a complex carbohydrate polymer, cellulose, found in plants. Micro-organisms contain certain enzymes, such as cellulases, which are incapable of being synthesized by humans. Microbial cellulases hydrolyze cellulose into sugars, which are then re ...
metabolism - Garland Science
... of nutrition, from inorganic compounds, is known as autotrophy (“self-feeding”). Organisms that obtain their carbon and nitrogen only from organic compounds—that is, ultimately, from plants—have a form of nutrition known as heterotrophy (“otherfeeding”). Photosynthesis is not only a basic process of ...
... of nutrition, from inorganic compounds, is known as autotrophy (“self-feeding”). Organisms that obtain their carbon and nitrogen only from organic compounds—that is, ultimately, from plants—have a form of nutrition known as heterotrophy (“otherfeeding”). Photosynthesis is not only a basic process of ...
An investigation of protective formulations containing
... An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. By catalyze it means that the rate of the reaction will increase or decrease by the help of an enzyme. In an enzymatic reaction ...
... An enzyme is a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. By catalyze it means that the rate of the reaction will increase or decrease by the help of an enzyme. In an enzymatic reaction ...
Lecture - Ch 25-7
... Enzymes and Coenzymes • Most enzymes contain a non-protein component called a cofactor – It is either an inorganic ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme – Coenzymes are reactants that undergo a chemical change during the reaction and require an additional step to revert to their initial ...
... Enzymes and Coenzymes • Most enzymes contain a non-protein component called a cofactor – It is either an inorganic ion or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme – Coenzymes are reactants that undergo a chemical change during the reaction and require an additional step to revert to their initial ...
NON-CANONICAL TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION: THE EXPANDING
... Figure. 2. POST-translocated NAD-CMP in the exit channel. A. C, cytosine of CMP; A, adenine of NAD; N, nicotinamide of NAD. Carbon atoms are in yellow, nitrogen atoms in blue, oxygen atoms in red. In green is the nascent RNA as it normally threads through the RNA exit channel. In gray is the surfac ...
... Figure. 2. POST-translocated NAD-CMP in the exit channel. A. C, cytosine of CMP; A, adenine of NAD; N, nicotinamide of NAD. Carbon atoms are in yellow, nitrogen atoms in blue, oxygen atoms in red. In green is the nascent RNA as it normally threads through the RNA exit channel. In gray is the surfac ...
BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
... simultaneous synthesis and degradation of fatty acids would be wasteful, however, and this is prevented by reciprocally regulating the anabolic and catabolic reaction sequences: when one sequence is active, the other is suppressed. Such regulation could not occur if anabolic and catabolic pathways w ...
... simultaneous synthesis and degradation of fatty acids would be wasteful, however, and this is prevented by reciprocally regulating the anabolic and catabolic reaction sequences: when one sequence is active, the other is suppressed. Such regulation could not occur if anabolic and catabolic pathways w ...
The demonstration of nickel in the urease of Helicobacter pylori by
... urease is greater than 500 kDa, then the suggested structure is hexameric. This would indicate that the probable number of nickel atoms is six. These results support the model of six copies of each of the two polypeptides in the native enzyme suggested by Hu and Mobley [11]. The detection of nickel ...
... urease is greater than 500 kDa, then the suggested structure is hexameric. This would indicate that the probable number of nickel atoms is six. These results support the model of six copies of each of the two polypeptides in the native enzyme suggested by Hu and Mobley [11]. The detection of nickel ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Functional Expression and Stabilization of Horseradish Peroxidase by Directed Evolution in
... (>50% inactive clones) produced no mutants with increased activity or stability against H2O2 and elevated temperature (3,300 colonies screened). Screening lower error-rate libraries produced several mutants with higher total activity (1.45–1.8-fold). Two of those (HRP H1-8H10, HRP H16E1) also retain ...
... (>50% inactive clones) produced no mutants with increased activity or stability against H2O2 and elevated temperature (3,300 colonies screened). Screening lower error-rate libraries produced several mutants with higher total activity (1.45–1.8-fold). Two of those (HRP H1-8H10, HRP H16E1) also retain ...
New Reactions in the Crotonase Superfamily: Structure of
... crystallographic analyses to a resolution of 1.85 Å for the unliganded form and to a resolution of 2.7 Å for a complex with an inert thioether analogue of methylmalonyl CoA. Like two other structurally characterized members of the crotonase superfamily (crotonase and dienoyl CoA isomerase), MMCD is ...
... crystallographic analyses to a resolution of 1.85 Å for the unliganded form and to a resolution of 2.7 Å for a complex with an inert thioether analogue of methylmalonyl CoA. Like two other structurally characterized members of the crotonase superfamily (crotonase and dienoyl CoA isomerase), MMCD is ...
Document
... •Describe and differentiate co-enzymes and prosthetic groups. •List and discuss four forces that stabilize globular protein structure. •List important structural similarities and differences between myoglobin and hemoglobin. •Describe the mutation present in hemoglobin giving rise to sickle cell dis ...
... •Describe and differentiate co-enzymes and prosthetic groups. •List and discuss four forces that stabilize globular protein structure. •List important structural similarities and differences between myoglobin and hemoglobin. •Describe the mutation present in hemoglobin giving rise to sickle cell dis ...
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA
... It has recently been demonstrated that, unlike the activation effect of C75 on CPT I activity, the CoA derivative (C75-CoA) is a potent competitive inhibitor that binds tightly but reversibly to CPT I (Bentebibel, 2006). IC50 values for L- or M-CPT I isoforms overexpressed in yeast, as well as for p ...
... It has recently been demonstrated that, unlike the activation effect of C75 on CPT I activity, the CoA derivative (C75-CoA) is a potent competitive inhibitor that binds tightly but reversibly to CPT I (Bentebibel, 2006). IC50 values for L- or M-CPT I isoforms overexpressed in yeast, as well as for p ...
Affinity Chromatography
... In this seminal paper, the general principles and potential application of affinity chromatography were enunciated and have largely remained unchanged until the present date. The paper contained several important contributions. First, it generalized the technique to all potential enzyme purification ...
... In this seminal paper, the general principles and potential application of affinity chromatography were enunciated and have largely remained unchanged until the present date. The paper contained several important contributions. First, it generalized the technique to all potential enzyme purification ...
Full-Text PDF
... The expression of Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms can be altered by pathological conditions. For instance, in several cardiac diseases, the Na+,K+-ATPase isoform composition of the heart is modified [32]. Numerous studies have reported changes in Na+,K+-ATPase subunit expression and activity in the course of ...
... The expression of Na+,K+-ATPase isoforms can be altered by pathological conditions. For instance, in several cardiac diseases, the Na+,K+-ATPase isoform composition of the heart is modified [32]. Numerous studies have reported changes in Na+,K+-ATPase subunit expression and activity in the course of ...
Peroxidases and Catalases. Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology Brochure
... SINGLE SOURCE GUIDE TO PEROXIDASES AND CATALASES Reflecting the important historical discoveries and exciting research in the field in recent years, Peroxidases and Catalases: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology provides a much–needed systematic, up–to–date treatment of peroxidase ...
... SINGLE SOURCE GUIDE TO PEROXIDASES AND CATALASES Reflecting the important historical discoveries and exciting research in the field in recent years, Peroxidases and Catalases: Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology and Physiology provides a much–needed systematic, up–to–date treatment of peroxidase ...
Theoretical Approaches to the Evolutionary Optimization of Glycolysis
... analysis of the glycolytic pathway in order to determine if its design is chemically optimized according the possibilities that a glycolytic design can have. Our results demonstrate that glycolysis in modem-day cells (from glucose to lactate) has an optimized design for maximizing the flux of ATP pr ...
... analysis of the glycolytic pathway in order to determine if its design is chemically optimized according the possibilities that a glycolytic design can have. Our results demonstrate that glycolysis in modem-day cells (from glucose to lactate) has an optimized design for maximizing the flux of ATP pr ...
Path of Glucose Breakdown and Cell Yields of a
... oxaloacetate was demonstrated (Buchanan, 1962), and this provided evidence that the primary carboxylation reaction in A . naeslundii, leading to succinate, is the phosphopyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 4.1 .1.32) reaction originally studied by Utter & Kurahashi (1954). Oxaloacetate would then be reduced ...
... oxaloacetate was demonstrated (Buchanan, 1962), and this provided evidence that the primary carboxylation reaction in A . naeslundii, leading to succinate, is the phosphopyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 4.1 .1.32) reaction originally studied by Utter & Kurahashi (1954). Oxaloacetate would then be reduced ...
Unusual ADP-forming acetyl-coenzyme A synthetases from the
... So far, ACDs in archaea have been characterized only from the anaerobic, hyperthermophilic euryarchaeota P. furiosus, Archaeoglobus fulgidus and Methanococcus jannaschii (Glasemacher et al. 1997; Mai and Adams 1996; Musfeldt et al. 1999; Musfeldt and Schönheit 2002). In P. furiosus, two isoenzymes, ...
... So far, ACDs in archaea have been characterized only from the anaerobic, hyperthermophilic euryarchaeota P. furiosus, Archaeoglobus fulgidus and Methanococcus jannaschii (Glasemacher et al. 1997; Mai and Adams 1996; Musfeldt et al. 1999; Musfeldt and Schönheit 2002). In P. furiosus, two isoenzymes, ...
Brucella Quorum Sensing: much more than
... belonging to the LuxR superfamily. Additionally, the distal portion of the regulator may also contain an activation domain involved in interactions with the initiation complexes. The HTH motif that defines the LuxR type superfamily is called GerE, and it is found not only in the QS regulator associa ...
... belonging to the LuxR superfamily. Additionally, the distal portion of the regulator may also contain an activation domain involved in interactions with the initiation complexes. The HTH motif that defines the LuxR type superfamily is called GerE, and it is found not only in the QS regulator associa ...
Cellular Pathways that Harvest Chemical Energy
... Agriculture was a key step in the development of human civilizations. The harvesting, planting, and cultivation of seeds began about 10,000 years ago. One of the earliest plants to be domesticated and turned into a reliable crop was barley, and one of the first uses of barley was to brew beer. Livin ...
... Agriculture was a key step in the development of human civilizations. The harvesting, planting, and cultivation of seeds began about 10,000 years ago. One of the earliest plants to be domesticated and turned into a reliable crop was barley, and one of the first uses of barley was to brew beer. Livin ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.