A Propagation of Error Analysis of the Enzyme Activity Expression. A
... error evaluation of random error based on a propagation of error analysis of the expression for the calculation of enzyme activity. The expression contains terms for photometric error, timing uncertainty, temperaturecontrol error, sample- and reagent-volume errors, and pathlength error. The error ex ...
... error evaluation of random error based on a propagation of error analysis of the expression for the calculation of enzyme activity. The expression contains terms for photometric error, timing uncertainty, temperaturecontrol error, sample- and reagent-volume errors, and pathlength error. The error ex ...
Metabolic Engineering of Tomato Fruit Organic
... et al., 2006). However, during the final stages of ripening, the level of citrate (and to a lesser extent other carboxylic acids) increases again such that it is present at high abundance in the ripe fruit. It is not known how these changes in organic acid levels are brought about. The maximal cataly ...
... et al., 2006). However, during the final stages of ripening, the level of citrate (and to a lesser extent other carboxylic acids) increases again such that it is present at high abundance in the ripe fruit. It is not known how these changes in organic acid levels are brought about. The maximal cataly ...
Folate Metabolism and MTHFR
... “….data are consistent for Mexico and northern China, which not only have a very high frequency of the TT genotype but also high rates of neural tube defect.” “…In the United States, the rates of neural tube defects historically have been higher among Hispanics, intermediate among non-Hispanic white ...
... “….data are consistent for Mexico and northern China, which not only have a very high frequency of the TT genotype but also high rates of neural tube defect.” “…In the United States, the rates of neural tube defects historically have been higher among Hispanics, intermediate among non-Hispanic white ...
ALA synthase - HKMU Student Portal
... yellow color of skin, nail beds, and sclerae (whites of the eyes) caused by deposition of bilirubin, secondary to increased bilirubin levels in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) • Although not a disease, jaundice is usually a symptom of an underlying disorder. ...
... yellow color of skin, nail beds, and sclerae (whites of the eyes) caused by deposition of bilirubin, secondary to increased bilirubin levels in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) • Although not a disease, jaundice is usually a symptom of an underlying disorder. ...
Theoretical studies on pyridoxal 5’-phosphate- catalyzed reactions of biological relevance 2014
... the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also required that all biological reactions proceed coordinatedly for the correct operation of the ...
... the average number of proteins in the cell, such chemical lifetimes are necessary to prevent spontaneous degradation of proteins under physiological conditions (Wolfenden2001). On the other hand, it is also required that all biological reactions proceed coordinatedly for the correct operation of the ...
Vitamin C
... • Tolerable upper intake level of 2g vitamin C/d • The most common side effect with ingestion of large amounts (2 g) of the vitamin is gastrointestinal problems characterized by abdominal pain and osmotic diarrhea. • Other side effects include increased risk of kidney stones and iron toxicity for th ...
... • Tolerable upper intake level of 2g vitamin C/d • The most common side effect with ingestion of large amounts (2 g) of the vitamin is gastrointestinal problems characterized by abdominal pain and osmotic diarrhea. • Other side effects include increased risk of kidney stones and iron toxicity for th ...
AMINO ACID OXIDATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF UREA
... 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. Th ...
... 3. During starvation or in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, when carbohydrates are either unavailable or not properly utilized, cellular proteins are used as fuel. Under all these metabolic conditions, amino acids lose their amino groups to form -keto acids, the “carbon skeletons” of amino acids. Th ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... and following MS-MS analysis demonstrated that the PduS protein is a component of the Pdu MCP. In addition, two-hybrid experiments indicated that PduS interacts with the PduO adenosyltransferase which is also located in the Pdu MCP and catalyzes the terminal step of AdoCbl synthesis. Purified PduQ e ...
... and following MS-MS analysis demonstrated that the PduS protein is a component of the Pdu MCP. In addition, two-hybrid experiments indicated that PduS interacts with the PduO adenosyltransferase which is also located in the Pdu MCP and catalyzes the terminal step of AdoCbl synthesis. Purified PduQ e ...
IMMUNOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES Antigens Antibodies
... Immunofixation is a method used for the detection and isotyping of monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Similarly to immunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation is carried out in two stages. In the first one, serum proteins are separated by electrophoresis. In the second ste ...
... Immunofixation is a method used for the detection and isotyping of monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Similarly to immunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation is carried out in two stages. In the first one, serum proteins are separated by electrophoresis. In the second ste ...
A Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase in Chitosan Matrix Cross-linked with Glyoxal for Amperometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide
... Because higher concentration of acetic acid would not be favorable for enzyme immobilization, the concentration of acetic acid used for preparing chitosan solution was relatively low (0.8%). Thus, a thicker chitosan film was not tried, as it was difficult to prepare more concentrated chitosan soluti ...
... Because higher concentration of acetic acid would not be favorable for enzyme immobilization, the concentration of acetic acid used for preparing chitosan solution was relatively low (0.8%). Thus, a thicker chitosan film was not tried, as it was difficult to prepare more concentrated chitosan soluti ...
On the role and formation of covalently bound flavin cofactors Heuts
... domain (Fig. 1B). In contrast, the residues that form the 8a-N3-histidyl–FAD and 8a-O-tyrosyl–FAD linkages are located at two different positions in the cap domain (Fig. 1B). The 8a-N1-histidyl–FAD linkage type appears to be prevalent in VAO-type covalent flavoproteins (Table 1) and, in some cases, i ...
... domain (Fig. 1B). In contrast, the residues that form the 8a-N3-histidyl–FAD and 8a-O-tyrosyl–FAD linkages are located at two different positions in the cap domain (Fig. 1B). The 8a-N1-histidyl–FAD linkage type appears to be prevalent in VAO-type covalent flavoproteins (Table 1) and, in some cases, i ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The Synthesis of Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate Requires Three Enzymes and Five Coenzymes We will examine the mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in some detail because it catalyzes a key juncture in metabolism—the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that allows ...
... The Synthesis of Acetyl Coenzyme A from Pyruvate Requires Three Enzymes and Five Coenzymes We will examine the mechanism of action of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in some detail because it catalyzes a key juncture in metabolism—the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle that allows ...
Raines, ChemRev 1998
... its integrity and solubility under drastic conditions: first, 0.25 N sulfuric acid at 5 °C, and then, pH 3.0 at 95-100 °C.84 The final step in this protocol calls for crystallization of the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure of RNase A is fully encoded by its amino acid sequence.85-89 This disc ...
... its integrity and solubility under drastic conditions: first, 0.25 N sulfuric acid at 5 °C, and then, pH 3.0 at 95-100 °C.84 The final step in this protocol calls for crystallization of the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure of RNase A is fully encoded by its amino acid sequence.85-89 This disc ...
metabolism during adventitious root primordium initiation
... effects of basipetally transported IAA. Auxin treatment of tissues markedly enhances starch depletion when starch is present (Alexander, 1938; Bausor, 1942b; Beal, 1940; Borthwick, Hamner and Parker, 1937; Mitchell and Whitehead, 1940; Mitchell, Kraus and Whitehead, 1940). According to Hilton (1966) ...
... effects of basipetally transported IAA. Auxin treatment of tissues markedly enhances starch depletion when starch is present (Alexander, 1938; Bausor, 1942b; Beal, 1940; Borthwick, Hamner and Parker, 1937; Mitchell and Whitehead, 1940; Mitchell, Kraus and Whitehead, 1940). According to Hilton (1966) ...
Inhibition of Trypanosoma c ruzi Hexokinase by Bisphosphonates
... by Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma brucei spp., and T. cruzi, respectively1-3). In each case, one or more life-cycle stages are dependent on glycolysis for energy production, and consequently, there is interest in the development of specific inhibitors of parasite enzymes involved in glycolysis,4 inclu ...
... by Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma brucei spp., and T. cruzi, respectively1-3). In each case, one or more life-cycle stages are dependent on glycolysis for energy production, and consequently, there is interest in the development of specific inhibitors of parasite enzymes involved in glycolysis,4 inclu ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
Glutathione Conjugation
... Spectroscopic experiments indicate that GSH bound at the active site of GST has a pKa of ~ 6.5 (M)- (P) -7.4 (A). Thus, the nucleophilic GS- is bound, rather than GSH. This is due to a hydrogen bond to a conserved tyrosine (M, P, A), Cys (O) or ser (T). For some A class isoforms, the tyrosine has 'u ...
... Spectroscopic experiments indicate that GSH bound at the active site of GST has a pKa of ~ 6.5 (M)- (P) -7.4 (A). Thus, the nucleophilic GS- is bound, rather than GSH. This is due to a hydrogen bond to a conserved tyrosine (M, P, A), Cys (O) or ser (T). For some A class isoforms, the tyrosine has 'u ...
Oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger: an
... studied to some extent (Kubicek, 1987), but some details are lacking, e.g. a proper investigation of the effect of pH has not been performed. Production of oxalate has been reported to be optimal in the pH range of 5–8 (Cleland & Johnson, 1956 ; Lenz et al., 1976 ; Kubicek et al., 1988). In most cas ...
... studied to some extent (Kubicek, 1987), but some details are lacking, e.g. a proper investigation of the effect of pH has not been performed. Production of oxalate has been reported to be optimal in the pH range of 5–8 (Cleland & Johnson, 1956 ; Lenz et al., 1976 ; Kubicek et al., 1988). In most cas ...
Thiele et al.: `Genome-scale reconstruction of E. coli`s transcriptional
... yeast [16]. However, the reaction was modeled to be NADPHdependent. The Dus protein contain probably FMN since a FMN binding site was found in sequence [15]. Also, the Dus protein might be part of a larger, yet uncharacterized complex [15]. DusA is solely responsible for tRNA fmet2 [15], meaning, th ...
... yeast [16]. However, the reaction was modeled to be NADPHdependent. The Dus protein contain probably FMN since a FMN binding site was found in sequence [15]. Also, the Dus protein might be part of a larger, yet uncharacterized complex [15]. DusA is solely responsible for tRNA fmet2 [15], meaning, th ...
ANTIBIOTICS
... (Fig. 2) belong to the structurally simplest class of peptide antibiotics. Bacitracins are an example of cyclic peptides having a side chain (Fig. 3). In the molecule of bleomycin, the sugars L-glucose and 3-O-carbamoyl-D-mannose are found. Peptide antibiotics containing an atom of iron or phosphoru ...
... (Fig. 2) belong to the structurally simplest class of peptide antibiotics. Bacitracins are an example of cyclic peptides having a side chain (Fig. 3). In the molecule of bleomycin, the sugars L-glucose and 3-O-carbamoyl-D-mannose are found. Peptide antibiotics containing an atom of iron or phosphoru ...
Metabolism
... • Glucose and galactose are absorbed very rapidly and hence it has been suggested that they are absorbed actively and it requires energy. • Fructose absorption is also rapid but not so much as compared to glucose and galactose but it is definitely faster than pentoses. Hence fructose is not absorbed ...
... • Glucose and galactose are absorbed very rapidly and hence it has been suggested that they are absorbed actively and it requires energy. • Fructose absorption is also rapid but not so much as compared to glucose and galactose but it is definitely faster than pentoses. Hence fructose is not absorbed ...
Phylogenetic Classification of Protozoa Based on the Structure of
... monomer. All residues from 3 to 521 are clearly defined in the electron density, allowing the entire protein model to be visualized. The bulk of the DHFR domains do not contact each other, but the linker polypeptide between the DHFR and TS domains crosses from one DHFR monomer (A) to the other DHFR ...
... monomer. All residues from 3 to 521 are clearly defined in the electron density, allowing the entire protein model to be visualized. The bulk of the DHFR domains do not contact each other, but the linker polypeptide between the DHFR and TS domains crosses from one DHFR monomer (A) to the other DHFR ...
26. oxidation of amino acids
... metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itself. Carnivores may derive up to 90% of their energy requirements from amino acid oxidation. Herbivores, on the other hand, may obtain only a small fracti ...
... metabolic energy derived from amino acids varies greatly with the type of organism and with the metabolic situation in which an organism finds itself. Carnivores may derive up to 90% of their energy requirements from amino acid oxidation. Herbivores, on the other hand, may obtain only a small fracti ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.