Engineering cell factories for producing building block chemicals for
... as a building block for several commercially important polymers, such as polybutylene succinate adipate [39, 40]. Moreover, in combination with diamines, putrescine, and cadaverine, succinic acid can also be used to produce 100 % bio-based nylon materials [41, 42]. Therefore, the potential of bio-ba ...
... as a building block for several commercially important polymers, such as polybutylene succinate adipate [39, 40]. Moreover, in combination with diamines, putrescine, and cadaverine, succinic acid can also be used to produce 100 % bio-based nylon materials [41, 42]. Therefore, the potential of bio-ba ...
Supplemental Text
... Labeling of glutamate with 13C. [U-13C]glucose allows determination of metabolic pathways used to synthesize downstream compounds. Briefly, via glycolysis, 1 molecule [U-13C]glucose is transformed into 2 molecules [U-13C]pyruvate. [U-13C]pyruvate is transformed via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to [1 ...
... Labeling of glutamate with 13C. [U-13C]glucose allows determination of metabolic pathways used to synthesize downstream compounds. Briefly, via glycolysis, 1 molecule [U-13C]glucose is transformed into 2 molecules [U-13C]pyruvate. [U-13C]pyruvate is transformed via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to [1 ...
Amino acid transport in Penicillium chrysogenum in relation to
... crystal it was concluded that closure of the β-lactam ring precedes the closure of the five-membered thiazolidine ring (22, 34). Based upon the results of fractionation experiments it became evident that IPNS behaves like a soluble, cytosolic enzyme (136). This means that LLD-ACV produced by ACVS ca ...
... crystal it was concluded that closure of the β-lactam ring precedes the closure of the five-membered thiazolidine ring (22, 34). Based upon the results of fractionation experiments it became evident that IPNS behaves like a soluble, cytosolic enzyme (136). This means that LLD-ACV produced by ACVS ca ...
09_Lecture
... • If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is disturbed, the reaction can regain its equilibrium according to Le Châtelier’s principle by shifting to offset the disturbance. • If more reactants are added to a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to the right, forming more produc ...
... • If a chemical reaction at equilibrium is disturbed, the reaction can regain its equilibrium according to Le Châtelier’s principle by shifting to offset the disturbance. • If more reactants are added to a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to the right, forming more produc ...
Density functional theory and FTIR spectroscopic study of carboxyl
... unstable charged intermediates in reaction by having groups appropriately located to donate or accept a proton36. In almost all cases, a proton is abstracted from a carbon adjacent to carbonyl, carboxylic acid or carboxylate anion group by an active site residue because the -protons are acidic by vi ...
... unstable charged intermediates in reaction by having groups appropriately located to donate or accept a proton36. In almost all cases, a proton is abstracted from a carbon adjacent to carbonyl, carboxylic acid or carboxylate anion group by an active site residue because the -protons are acidic by vi ...
Investigating the Role of ADP-forming Acetyl-CoA
... TCA cycle. Anaerobic fermentation pathways are then used for the primary flow of carbon (1). Acetate assimilation as an alternative carbon source may occur under certain conditions such as when glucose is diminished (1). Acetate is typically activated to form acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermed ...
... TCA cycle. Anaerobic fermentation pathways are then used for the primary flow of carbon (1). Acetate assimilation as an alternative carbon source may occur under certain conditions such as when glucose is diminished (1). Acetate is typically activated to form acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic intermed ...
Reduced Expression of Aconitase Results in an
... hydratase EC 4.2.1.3) were characterized at molecular and biochemical levels. The genetic basis of this lesion was revealed by cloning the wild-type and mutant alleles. The mutation resulted in lowered expression of the Aco-1 transcript and lowered levels of both cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitas ...
... hydratase EC 4.2.1.3) were characterized at molecular and biochemical levels. The genetic basis of this lesion was revealed by cloning the wild-type and mutant alleles. The mutation resulted in lowered expression of the Aco-1 transcript and lowered levels of both cytosolic and mitochondrial aconitas ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Problem Unit Seven
... are primarily amino acids. Part of the amino acid pool is used to rebuild tissue protein. In adults the total amount of protein remains relatively constant from day to day, thus, the quantity of amino acids used to make tissue protein is no greater than the quantity obtained by the breakdown of tiss ...
... are primarily amino acids. Part of the amino acid pool is used to rebuild tissue protein. In adults the total amount of protein remains relatively constant from day to day, thus, the quantity of amino acids used to make tissue protein is no greater than the quantity obtained by the breakdown of tiss ...
Chem 499 Final Exam Name
... free radical damage. “R” represents a long hydrocarbon chain. Use a hydroxyl radical (HO·) to provide a simple mechanistic explanation for how these 2 vitamins can repeatedly quench free radicals and eliminate the danger from the body. (14 pts) O ...
... free radical damage. “R” represents a long hydrocarbon chain. Use a hydroxyl radical (HO·) to provide a simple mechanistic explanation for how these 2 vitamins can repeatedly quench free radicals and eliminate the danger from the body. (14 pts) O ...
Carbohydrate Chemistry - Dr. Sato-Bigbee
... We will see in a future class that glucose released from glycogen in muscle stays within the cells because it is transformed into glucose6P and is then directly used in glycolysis. A phosphate group can also be used to link the sugar to nucleosides creating for example UDP glucose, a highener ...
... We will see in a future class that glucose released from glycogen in muscle stays within the cells because it is transformed into glucose6P and is then directly used in glycolysis. A phosphate group can also be used to link the sugar to nucleosides creating for example UDP glucose, a highener ...
as a PDF
... The acute phase is less studied nowadays due to the small number of detected cases and its relatively short duration (12 months). In the acute phase, in addition to high parasitemia, parasites may be found in practically all tissues and organs as intracellular amastigotes, accompanied by infiltratio ...
... The acute phase is less studied nowadays due to the small number of detected cases and its relatively short duration (12 months). In the acute phase, in addition to high parasitemia, parasites may be found in practically all tissues and organs as intracellular amastigotes, accompanied by infiltratio ...
overview, inorgs, trace nutrients
... • It is a source methyl groups and is recommended in the diet. • It has lipotropic effects due to its role in phospholipid metabolism. ...
... • It is a source methyl groups and is recommended in the diet. • It has lipotropic effects due to its role in phospholipid metabolism. ...
WHAT ARE NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS (NTDs)?
... AllRefer Health – Caring for your Well Being: http://health.allrefer.com/health/folic-acid-folate-info.html Champel V et al. Should folic acid be given to women treated with valproic acid and/or carbamazepine? Folic acid and pregnancy in epilepsy. Rev Neurol. 1999 Mar; 155(3): 220-4. Geisel J. Folic ...
... AllRefer Health – Caring for your Well Being: http://health.allrefer.com/health/folic-acid-folate-info.html Champel V et al. Should folic acid be given to women treated with valproic acid and/or carbamazepine? Folic acid and pregnancy in epilepsy. Rev Neurol. 1999 Mar; 155(3): 220-4. Geisel J. Folic ...
Product Insert Sheet
... proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4). By diffusing through extracellular matrices more efficiently than members of the TGF-beta superfamily, noggin may have a principal role in creating morphogenic gradients. Noggin appears to have pleiotropic effect, both early in development as we ...
... proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4). By diffusing through extracellular matrices more efficiently than members of the TGF-beta superfamily, noggin may have a principal role in creating morphogenic gradients. Noggin appears to have pleiotropic effect, both early in development as we ...
Peptide synthesis – chemistry and modifications
... - after the target-protected peptide had been built, all side chain protecting groups were removed and the anchoring bond between peptide and resin was cleaved (HF or TFMSA) Despite the use of optimised chemistry, not all peptides can be made with equal ease by SPPS. Some amino acid sequences are mo ...
... - after the target-protected peptide had been built, all side chain protecting groups were removed and the anchoring bond between peptide and resin was cleaved (HF or TFMSA) Despite the use of optimised chemistry, not all peptides can be made with equal ease by SPPS. Some amino acid sequences are mo ...
A novel dipeptidomimetic containing a cyclic threonine.
... heating at reflux in xylene. Epoxidation with mCPBA finally led to 9 in a diastereomeric ratio of 6/1 (threo/erythro). The optimized synthetic pathway gave access to the Fmoc protected epoxide building block 9 in an excellent overall yield of 80% on a multigram scale. In the attempt to develop a metho ...
... heating at reflux in xylene. Epoxidation with mCPBA finally led to 9 in a diastereomeric ratio of 6/1 (threo/erythro). The optimized synthetic pathway gave access to the Fmoc protected epoxide building block 9 in an excellent overall yield of 80% on a multigram scale. In the attempt to develop a metho ...
Decreto - European Commission
... alcohol) and 8 mL of 2.2' - Thiodiethanol, aqueous solution 25 % in approx. 800 mL of water. Leave shaking for 24 hours, adjust pH to 2.20 using chloric acid (5.2), checking with a pH metre (6.2), make up to 1 L with water and then filter under a vacuum through a cellulose acetate membrane with pore ...
... alcohol) and 8 mL of 2.2' - Thiodiethanol, aqueous solution 25 % in approx. 800 mL of water. Leave shaking for 24 hours, adjust pH to 2.20 using chloric acid (5.2), checking with a pH metre (6.2), make up to 1 L with water and then filter under a vacuum through a cellulose acetate membrane with pore ...
Soil Biology and Biochemistry
... were made to quantify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) excreted by different wild type strains of Azospirilhun spp. The microorganisms produce IAA, during the late stationary growth phase and show a significant increase in IAA production when tryptophan is present in the medium. Under these conditions wit ...
... were made to quantify indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) excreted by different wild type strains of Azospirilhun spp. The microorganisms produce IAA, during the late stationary growth phase and show a significant increase in IAA production when tryptophan is present in the medium. Under these conditions wit ...
Enzyme Specificity and Selectivity
... structure can also account for the stereospecificity of the serine protease reactions (Figure 1b). A d-peptide can bind at the active site, with the side-chain occupying the pocket as in an l-peptide. The a-hydrogen must also occupy the same position as in the l-peptide: the other groups are too bulk ...
... structure can also account for the stereospecificity of the serine protease reactions (Figure 1b). A d-peptide can bind at the active site, with the side-chain occupying the pocket as in an l-peptide. The a-hydrogen must also occupy the same position as in the l-peptide: the other groups are too bulk ...
Amino acid composition of the aerial part of G. pratense L., G
... flavonoids, phenolic acids), carbonhydrates, vitamines, organic acids [9]. Current problems of Pharmacy include searching for new remedies of plant origin. The original chemical composition, wide spectrum of biological activities, wide distribution indicates that G. pratense, G. sylvaticum, G. palus ...
... flavonoids, phenolic acids), carbonhydrates, vitamines, organic acids [9]. Current problems of Pharmacy include searching for new remedies of plant origin. The original chemical composition, wide spectrum of biological activities, wide distribution indicates that G. pratense, G. sylvaticum, G. palus ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.