Unit F214 - Communication, homeostasis and energy - High
... Herbicides (weedkillers) interfere with electron transport by accepting electrons. Suggest how this causes plants to die. ...
... Herbicides (weedkillers) interfere with electron transport by accepting electrons. Suggest how this causes plants to die. ...
Nature of Materials in Serum That Interfere inthe Glucose Oxidase
... against a buffer solution to remove the glucose from the protein serum matrix (8-10), sq that interfering material of high-molecular-weight is excluded. Because automated methods are most frequently used for routine analysis, the interferences most often discussed are those caused by substances of l ...
... against a buffer solution to remove the glucose from the protein serum matrix (8-10), sq that interfering material of high-molecular-weight is excluded. Because automated methods are most frequently used for routine analysis, the interferences most often discussed are those caused by substances of l ...
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate mediates glycolysis and the TCA cycle
... and were successfully identified . Among these proteins, 25 were successfully annotated and 3 did not yield unambiguous protein identification. Among the identified proteins, 11 were involved in glycolysis (spot 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23), and 10 members had at least a 1.5-fold decrease ...
... and were successfully identified . Among these proteins, 25 were successfully annotated and 3 did not yield unambiguous protein identification. Among the identified proteins, 11 were involved in glycolysis (spot 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23), and 10 members had at least a 1.5-fold decrease ...
Mitochondrial ATP synthase is dispensable in blood
... he production of ATP by most eukaryotes occurs in two phases: (i) glycolysis, which oxidizes glucose into pyruvate; and (ii) oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis, in which pyruvate is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide and water within the mitochondrion. During chemiosmosis, the mitochondrial r ...
... he production of ATP by most eukaryotes occurs in two phases: (i) glycolysis, which oxidizes glucose into pyruvate; and (ii) oxidative phosphorylation or chemiosmosis, in which pyruvate is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide and water within the mitochondrion. During chemiosmosis, the mitochondrial r ...
regulation of mammalian acetyl
... of fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA, which is then taken into the mitochondria via the CPT system (62, 63). The CPT-I at the mitochondrial membrane is extremely sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA; the Ki of malonyl-CoA is in the micromolar range. Thus, malonyl-CoA and ACC are thought to be physiolog ...
... of fatty acid to fatty acyl-CoA, which is then taken into the mitochondria via the CPT system (62, 63). The CPT-I at the mitochondrial membrane is extremely sensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA; the Ki of malonyl-CoA is in the micromolar range. Thus, malonyl-CoA and ACC are thought to be physiolog ...
Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
... chain of D-glucose units connected via (α1–4) linkages. Amylopectin is a branched form, with (α1–6) linkages forming branches approximately every 24–30 glucose residues. ...
... chain of D-glucose units connected via (α1–4) linkages. Amylopectin is a branched form, with (α1–6) linkages forming branches approximately every 24–30 glucose residues. ...
1.1 Functional Groups of Biomolecules and their Reactions
... Reactions that occur in living organisms follow the same rules of those occurring in the laboratory. The solvent, temperature and almost certainly the catalyst can be different, but the fundamental reaction mechanisms are the same. So conveniently, common organic reaction mechanisms can be used to u ...
... Reactions that occur in living organisms follow the same rules of those occurring in the laboratory. The solvent, temperature and almost certainly the catalyst can be different, but the fundamental reaction mechanisms are the same. So conveniently, common organic reaction mechanisms can be used to u ...
carbon-11-labeled acetate
... tory effects of alternative substrates.9 Backdiffusion of nonmetabolized "C-palmitate in the presence of myocardial ischemia contributes up to 50% of the total clearance of radioactivity from the myocardium and thereby overestimates overall rates of oxidation.7 In addition, preferential inhibition o ...
... tory effects of alternative substrates.9 Backdiffusion of nonmetabolized "C-palmitate in the presence of myocardial ischemia contributes up to 50% of the total clearance of radioactivity from the myocardium and thereby overestimates overall rates of oxidation.7 In addition, preferential inhibition o ...
Carbon metabolism in transgenic roots with altered levels
... or down regulation of cTPI activities in transgenic roots might be compensated by increased C catabolism through the oxPPP. In order to see the affect of HK and cTPI manipulation on N assimilation, the transgenic roots were grown on media with low or high concentration of ammonium nitrate as the N s ...
... or down regulation of cTPI activities in transgenic roots might be compensated by increased C catabolism through the oxPPP. In order to see the affect of HK and cTPI manipulation on N assimilation, the transgenic roots were grown on media with low or high concentration of ammonium nitrate as the N s ...
Biosynthesis of Lipids and Hydrocarbons in Algae
... located in four subcellular compartments; the type-I FAS system in the cytosol, two type-II FAS systems in the plastid, fatty acid synthesis associated partly with wax ester fermentation in the microsomes (see 3.1.4. Wax ester) and a malonyl-ACP independent process located in the mitochondria. E. gr ...
... located in four subcellular compartments; the type-I FAS system in the cytosol, two type-II FAS systems in the plastid, fatty acid synthesis associated partly with wax ester fermentation in the microsomes (see 3.1.4. Wax ester) and a malonyl-ACP independent process located in the mitochondria. E. gr ...
(c) (±)-lactic acid
... Note, the rotation of the Fischer projection (I) through 90° (counterclockwise) is forbidden because the resulting projection (IV) will not be correctly oriented. The D,L system is widely used for designating configuration of chiral molecules structurally related to glyceraldehyde, namely for such c ...
... Note, the rotation of the Fischer projection (I) through 90° (counterclockwise) is forbidden because the resulting projection (IV) will not be correctly oriented. The D,L system is widely used for designating configuration of chiral molecules structurally related to glyceraldehyde, namely for such c ...
Document
... Instructions for completion of Section 1 are given on Page 02. SECTION 2 — 80 marks Attempt ALL questions Reference may be made to the Chemistry Higher and Advanced Higher Data Booklet. Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers and rough work is ...
... Instructions for completion of Section 1 are given on Page 02. SECTION 2 — 80 marks Attempt ALL questions Reference may be made to the Chemistry Higher and Advanced Higher Data Booklet. Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers and rough work is ...
The Effects of Exogenous Amino Acids on Growth
... Urea elicited the same response as NH,+ (Figs l b and lc), with an extended period of nitrogenase suppression, confirming the opinion of Neilson & Larsson (1980) that both atoms of N are utilized. Whilst statistical analysis showed the growth rate of NH,Cl-supplemented cultures to be significantly ( ...
... Urea elicited the same response as NH,+ (Figs l b and lc), with an extended period of nitrogenase suppression, confirming the opinion of Neilson & Larsson (1980) that both atoms of N are utilized. Whilst statistical analysis showed the growth rate of NH,Cl-supplemented cultures to be significantly ( ...
Optimum ATP Optimum ATP
... taurine, and L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate. This proprietary blend is designed to complement the activities of Purenergy. Furthermore, some of these individual ingredients taken in high doses have roles in mitochondrial biogenesis or are known to have a positive influence on exercise performance.*[ ...
... taurine, and L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate. This proprietary blend is designed to complement the activities of Purenergy. Furthermore, some of these individual ingredients taken in high doses have roles in mitochondrial biogenesis or are known to have a positive influence on exercise performance.*[ ...
Chemistry Spell check on
... 1. Hydrogen peroxide gradually decomposes into water and oxygen, according to the following equation. 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g) (a) At room temperature, the reaction is very slow. It can be speeded up by heating the reaction mixture. State why increasing the temperature causes an increase in re ...
... 1. Hydrogen peroxide gradually decomposes into water and oxygen, according to the following equation. 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g) (a) At room temperature, the reaction is very slow. It can be speeded up by heating the reaction mixture. State why increasing the temperature causes an increase in re ...
Chpt14_Translation.doc
... Fig. 3.5.4. 3-D structure of Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase The two classes of enzymes do not resemble each other much at all, in either sequence or 3-D structure, leading to the suggestion that they have evolved separately. If so, this would imply that an early form of life may have evolved using the t ...
... Fig. 3.5.4. 3-D structure of Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase The two classes of enzymes do not resemble each other much at all, in either sequence or 3-D structure, leading to the suggestion that they have evolved separately. If so, this would imply that an early form of life may have evolved using the t ...
Chapter 7: Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... Electrons from Glucose • As a material is oxidized, the electrons it loses transfer to another material, which is thereby reduced. • Such redox reactions transfer a lot of energy. • Much of the energy liberated by the oxidation of the reducing agent is captured in the reduction of the ...
... Electrons from Glucose • As a material is oxidized, the electrons it loses transfer to another material, which is thereby reduced. • Such redox reactions transfer a lot of energy. • Much of the energy liberated by the oxidation of the reducing agent is captured in the reduction of the ...
Respiratory enzyme activity and regulation of respiration pathway in
... pulse of acetate signed by 14C for 3 h. After a reaction period of 16 h, 14C combined with the succinic acid of TCA cycle (Rumpho and Kenedy, 1983). Obviously, succinic acid is not the end product of the reaction chain, and this metabolism must proceed under anoxic conditions. Kennedy et al. (1987) ...
... pulse of acetate signed by 14C for 3 h. After a reaction period of 16 h, 14C combined with the succinic acid of TCA cycle (Rumpho and Kenedy, 1983). Obviously, succinic acid is not the end product of the reaction chain, and this metabolism must proceed under anoxic conditions. Kennedy et al. (1987) ...
Origin of homochirality in biological systems
... Biochemical molecules can be divided into hydrophilic, amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules. It is natural to believe that all three types have been synthesized in huge amounts at the origin of life. Amphiphiles can separate together with hydrophobic compounds in water in various ways including emul ...
... Biochemical molecules can be divided into hydrophilic, amphiphilic and lipophilic molecules. It is natural to believe that all three types have been synthesized in huge amounts at the origin of life. Amphiphiles can separate together with hydrophobic compounds in water in various ways including emul ...
Materials for the onset
... formulated. Emergence is considered “a key concept in complexity theory in which certain features of a complex system occur as a result of a collective behaviour of the system” (4). This definition has the advantage of boiling down these concepts as defined by John Holland (5) and Stephen J. Fromm ( ...
... formulated. Emergence is considered “a key concept in complexity theory in which certain features of a complex system occur as a result of a collective behaviour of the system” (4). This definition has the advantage of boiling down these concepts as defined by John Holland (5) and Stephen J. Fromm ( ...
Adaptations of protein structure and function to temperature: there is
... maintenance of this enzyme stability–flexibility balance (Feller, 2010). Rising temperatures tend to weaken the stabilizing interactions responsible for maintaining the native folded state of the enzyme. Consequently, as temperature increases, enzyme reaction rates first tend to accelerate, as stabi ...
... maintenance of this enzyme stability–flexibility balance (Feller, 2010). Rising temperatures tend to weaken the stabilizing interactions responsible for maintaining the native folded state of the enzyme. Consequently, as temperature increases, enzyme reaction rates first tend to accelerate, as stabi ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.