Citrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria
... or cultivation under carbohydrate limitation are generally observed in different homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [50-53]. The complex mechanisms that are involved in regulation of pyruvate metabolism L. lactis will be discussed below. In Leuconostoc spp. isolated from dairy sources pyruvate me ...
... or cultivation under carbohydrate limitation are generally observed in different homofermentative lactic acid bacteria [50-53]. The complex mechanisms that are involved in regulation of pyruvate metabolism L. lactis will be discussed below. In Leuconostoc spp. isolated from dairy sources pyruvate me ...
EFFECTS OF ACUTE ETHIONINE-INDUCED
... food and water ad libitum for 25 days after they were brought to our laboratory. The effects of ethionine have been shown to be more pronounced in female than in male rats (Farber et al., 1964). The lighting schedule was such that the lights were on from 07:00 A.M. until 19:00 P.M., and the room tem ...
... food and water ad libitum for 25 days after they were brought to our laboratory. The effects of ethionine have been shown to be more pronounced in female than in male rats (Farber et al., 1964). The lighting schedule was such that the lights were on from 07:00 A.M. until 19:00 P.M., and the room tem ...
Gregory Moy - University of Pennsylvania
... above, it was noticed during this trial that not all the ovalbumin had dissolved in the deionized water, therefore, the ovalbumin was microfuged and constantly stirred so that the pH of a wellmixed was read after the titrant was added. This solubility factor was also taken into account when the %ion ...
... above, it was noticed during this trial that not all the ovalbumin had dissolved in the deionized water, therefore, the ovalbumin was microfuged and constantly stirred so that the pH of a wellmixed was read after the titrant was added. This solubility factor was also taken into account when the %ion ...
Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids
... al. 1976; Woese 1967; Eigen 1978; Jungck 1978, Weber and Lacey 1978). Wong and Bronskill (1979) have pointed out that prebiotic synthesis experiments do not yield equal amounts to the protein amino acids, and that in some cases, e. g. asparagine and glutamine, their concentration in the primitive oc ...
... al. 1976; Woese 1967; Eigen 1978; Jungck 1978, Weber and Lacey 1978). Wong and Bronskill (1979) have pointed out that prebiotic synthesis experiments do not yield equal amounts to the protein amino acids, and that in some cases, e. g. asparagine and glutamine, their concentration in the primitive oc ...
Buffer Solutions
... Buffer Solutions Buffers are solutions with the ability to resist the addition of strong acids or strong bases, within limits. They play an important role in chemical processes where it is essential that a fairly constant pH is maintained. In many industrial and physiological processes, specific rea ...
... Buffer Solutions Buffers are solutions with the ability to resist the addition of strong acids or strong bases, within limits. They play an important role in chemical processes where it is essential that a fairly constant pH is maintained. In many industrial and physiological processes, specific rea ...
Buffer Solutions
... Buffer Solutions Buffers are solutions with the ability to resist the addition of strong acids or strong bases, within limits. They play an important role in chemical processes where it is essential that a fairly constant pH is maintained. In many industrial and physiological processes, specific rea ...
... Buffer Solutions Buffers are solutions with the ability to resist the addition of strong acids or strong bases, within limits. They play an important role in chemical processes where it is essential that a fairly constant pH is maintained. In many industrial and physiological processes, specific rea ...
BIOSYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS, NUCLEOTIDES, AND
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
... of cells, and in extracellular fluids in higher organisms, one or both of these amino acids are present at higher concentrations—sometimes an order of magnitude or more higher—than other amino acids. An Escherichia coli cell requires so much glutamate that this amino acid is one of the primary solut ...
Mechanisms of catalysis
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
Glutamine and glutamate—their central role in cell metabolism and
... key role of glutamine and glutamate for cell function which glutamate stimulates insulin secretion has yet to be elucidated. Glutamate is additionally important in the -cell as a substrate for the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, which produces the signalling molecule -amino butyric acid (GABA ...
... key role of glutamine and glutamate for cell function which glutamate stimulates insulin secretion has yet to be elucidated. Glutamate is additionally important in the -cell as a substrate for the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase, which produces the signalling molecule -amino butyric acid (GABA ...
Mechanisms of catalysis
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
Enzyme Hydrolyzed Collagen Protein
... fluids; but not bile or urine. Proteins also function as enzymes, hormones, and as important components of other cells such as our genes. The central nervous system cannot function without protein – amino acids – that act as neurotransmitters or as precursors to the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitt ...
... fluids; but not bile or urine. Proteins also function as enzymes, hormones, and as important components of other cells such as our genes. The central nervous system cannot function without protein – amino acids – that act as neurotransmitters or as precursors to the neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitt ...
The Anaerobic (Class III) Ribonucleotide Reductase from Lactococcus lactis
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
... mutants in the L. lactis nrdD gene were still able to grow well under standard anaerobic growth conditions and then overproduced the NrdEF proteins (3). There are three classes of ribonucleotide reductases that differ in their protein structure (see recent reviews in Refs. 2 and 5– 8). All operate v ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
... • Glycogen serves as a storage form of carbohydrate • In a well fed individual the concentration per gram tissue is highest in liver but the glycogen in liver can be depleted by a 24 hour fast. • Glycogen is less readily depleted in muscle and there is more total glycogen in muscle than in any other ...
... • Glycogen serves as a storage form of carbohydrate • In a well fed individual the concentration per gram tissue is highest in liver but the glycogen in liver can be depleted by a 24 hour fast. • Glycogen is less readily depleted in muscle and there is more total glycogen in muscle than in any other ...
the chemistry of life: organic and biological chemistry
... essential role in determining their physical and chemical behaviors. Because carbon has four valence electrons ([He]2s 22p2), it forms four bonds in virtually all its compounds. When all four bonds are single bonds, the electron pairs are disposed in a tetrahedral arrangement. c::co (Section 9.2) In ...
... essential role in determining their physical and chemical behaviors. Because carbon has four valence electrons ([He]2s 22p2), it forms four bonds in virtually all its compounds. When all four bonds are single bonds, the electron pairs are disposed in a tetrahedral arrangement. c::co (Section 9.2) In ...
biomass composition
... (growth rate and limiting substrate). For example, as the growth rate increases the cellular content of RNA usually increases, while the protein and DNA content decreases (Novak, L. et al., 2000). The relative content of cell wall polymers also decreases with the increase of the growth rate (Benthin ...
... (growth rate and limiting substrate). For example, as the growth rate increases the cellular content of RNA usually increases, while the protein and DNA content decreases (Novak, L. et al., 2000). The relative content of cell wall polymers also decreases with the increase of the growth rate (Benthin ...
Metabolic Flux Profiling of Reaction Modules in Liver Drug
... by simulating flux distributions that maximized GSH synthesis under the same stoichiometric and thermodynamic constraints applied to the MFA problems. To obtain flux values numerically compatible with the MFA results, we also assigned upper and lower bounds to the major carbon and nitrogen sinks and ...
... by simulating flux distributions that maximized GSH synthesis under the same stoichiometric and thermodynamic constraints applied to the MFA problems. To obtain flux values numerically compatible with the MFA results, we also assigned upper and lower bounds to the major carbon and nitrogen sinks and ...
How does it vary with the charge and distance of the ions?
... h) A suitable linear plot involving rate constant (k) at different temperature gives Eact and frequency factor A. Give the plot. i) Consider two reactions I and II, the frequency factor of I is 100 times that of II, the activation energy of I is 4.6 Kcal higher than that of II. Show that, the rate ...
... h) A suitable linear plot involving rate constant (k) at different temperature gives Eact and frequency factor A. Give the plot. i) Consider two reactions I and II, the frequency factor of I is 100 times that of II, the activation energy of I is 4.6 Kcal higher than that of II. Show that, the rate ...
Ultrasonic velocity and density values of L
... the systems under investigation. The pseudo-gruneisen parameters values are negative at all molal concentrations of solutions and at all studied temperatures. A negative sign is an indication of strong intermolecular interactions and a probable formation of intermolecular complex in the solutions. T ...
... the systems under investigation. The pseudo-gruneisen parameters values are negative at all molal concentrations of solutions and at all studied temperatures. A negative sign is an indication of strong intermolecular interactions and a probable formation of intermolecular complex in the solutions. T ...
Introduction: Dietary carbohydrates digestion give mainly
... metabolized by the fructose pathway. Sources of fructose : fruits, honey, corn syrup (sweetener in soft drinks), hydrolysis of sucrose (by sucrase enzyme to glucose and fructose). Metabolism of Fructose : Dietary fructose is absorbed into the portal circulation and enters liver. Fate of Fructose : I ...
... metabolized by the fructose pathway. Sources of fructose : fruits, honey, corn syrup (sweetener in soft drinks), hydrolysis of sucrose (by sucrase enzyme to glucose and fructose). Metabolism of Fructose : Dietary fructose is absorbed into the portal circulation and enters liver. Fate of Fructose : I ...
Slide 1
... The major energy sources for ATP resynthesis are fats and carbohydrates. However, phosphocreatine (PCr) is another high-energy phosphate that can be hydrolyzed to provide the energy to form ATP from ADP+P (it is often called an “energy reservoir”). ...
... The major energy sources for ATP resynthesis are fats and carbohydrates. However, phosphocreatine (PCr) is another high-energy phosphate that can be hydrolyzed to provide the energy to form ATP from ADP+P (it is often called an “energy reservoir”). ...
A Study of Amino Acid, Protein, Organic Acid and Carbohydrate
... Kato (1955) reported that gibberellic acid induced growth in a longitudinal rather than in the transverse direction and that the elongation was a consequence of accelerated cell elongation rather than of cell multiplication . Similar results have been observed by Barton (1956), that gibberellic acid ...
... Kato (1955) reported that gibberellic acid induced growth in a longitudinal rather than in the transverse direction and that the elongation was a consequence of accelerated cell elongation rather than of cell multiplication . Similar results have been observed by Barton (1956), that gibberellic acid ...
177 Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-Ser-Arg-CO2H H2N-His-CO2H H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-CO2 H H2N-Ser-Arg-CO2 H H2N-Val-Phe-CO2H H2N-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-Ser-Arg-His-CO2H H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-CO2H H2N-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp ...
... H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-Ser-Arg-CO2H H2N-His-CO2H H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-CO2 H H2N-Ser-Arg-CO2 H H2N-Val-Phe-CO2H H2N-Leu-Met-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp-Ile-Lys-Ser-Arg-His-CO2H H2N-Val-Phe-Leu-Met-Tyr-CO2H H2N-Pro-Gly-Trp-Cys-Glu-Asp ...
Acid + Base Class # 1
... There is a lot of math in making this pH scale. We won’t do that math. Even so, let’s look, just to make sure you know I am not making this pH stuff up! 51. First, the pH scale is a logarithm scale. That means small changes in numbers are really changes in EXPONENTS. Just like the Richter scale you ...
... There is a lot of math in making this pH scale. We won’t do that math. Even so, let’s look, just to make sure you know I am not making this pH stuff up! 51. First, the pH scale is a logarithm scale. That means small changes in numbers are really changes in EXPONENTS. Just like the Richter scale you ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.