METHODS OF PROVIDING ENERGY for MUSCLE ACTIVITY
... • Fastest mechanism for regenerating ATP • Creatine phosphate found only in muscle cells • Supply is quickly exhausted (about 20 seconds) ...
... • Fastest mechanism for regenerating ATP • Creatine phosphate found only in muscle cells • Supply is quickly exhausted (about 20 seconds) ...
Catabolism
... Anaerobic respiration using molecules other than oxygen as exogenous electron acceptors yields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity ...
... Anaerobic respiration using molecules other than oxygen as exogenous electron acceptors yields large amount of energy, primarily by electron transport activity ...
Oxidative degradation of glucose File
... • The high-energy phosphate of phosphoenol pyruvate is transferred to ADP by the enzyme pyruvate kinase to generate, at this stage, two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized and enolpyruvate is formed. • Enolpyruvate formed is converted spontaneousny to the keto form pyruvate. This is an ...
... • The high-energy phosphate of phosphoenol pyruvate is transferred to ADP by the enzyme pyruvate kinase to generate, at this stage, two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized and enolpyruvate is formed. • Enolpyruvate formed is converted spontaneousny to the keto form pyruvate. This is an ...
Control of intra-cellular (enzyme regulator)
... Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol, whereas fatty acid oxidation takes place within mitochondria Segregation of certain metabolic pathways within specialized cell types can provide further physical compartmentation. ...
... Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol, whereas fatty acid oxidation takes place within mitochondria Segregation of certain metabolic pathways within specialized cell types can provide further physical compartmentation. ...
Review Questions
... 1. Where does glycolysis takes place? a. mitochondrial matrix b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. cytosol ...
... 1. Where does glycolysis takes place? a. mitochondrial matrix b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. cytosol ...
Hans Adolf Krebs (2)
... In the uninhibited system, one oxaloacetate molecule could oxidize many pyruvates ...
... In the uninhibited system, one oxaloacetate molecule could oxidize many pyruvates ...
FALSE degradation also needs to be considered. A change in
... a. Why would gluconeogenesis from alanine require increased transport of malate across the mitochondrial membrane, whereas gluconeogenesis from lactate would not. The conversion of lactate to pyruvate in the cytosol generates an NADH molecule from NAD.. If alanine is transaminated in the mitochondri ...
... a. Why would gluconeogenesis from alanine require increased transport of malate across the mitochondrial membrane, whereas gluconeogenesis from lactate would not. The conversion of lactate to pyruvate in the cytosol generates an NADH molecule from NAD.. If alanine is transaminated in the mitochondri ...
Quiz #3 - San Diego Mesa College
... A) the combustion of wood B) the combustion of gasoline in a car engine C) the metabolism of glucose in a living cell D) the build-up of glucose from carbon dioxide and water E) the breakdown of brown fat in babies to generate heat Q. 4: An ATP molecule is made of following molecular components A) t ...
... A) the combustion of wood B) the combustion of gasoline in a car engine C) the metabolism of glucose in a living cell D) the build-up of glucose from carbon dioxide and water E) the breakdown of brown fat in babies to generate heat Q. 4: An ATP molecule is made of following molecular components A) t ...
BIO 219 Spring 2013 Outline for “Cell Metabolism” Energy (ATP
... Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria) Five integral membrane proteins NADH & FADH2 Oxygen (Why do we need it?) Net yield Fermentation Glycolysis Lactic acid production What about fats and proteins as an energy source? Objectives: By the end of lecture today you should be able to . . . (1) Describe ...
... Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria) Five integral membrane proteins NADH & FADH2 Oxygen (Why do we need it?) Net yield Fermentation Glycolysis Lactic acid production What about fats and proteins as an energy source? Objectives: By the end of lecture today you should be able to . . . (1) Describe ...
Lecture 19
... A series of consecutive biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that produce a specific end product. Catabolism- the breakdown of food stuffs to simple organic chemicals. Anabolism- the synthesis of biomolecules from simple organic chemicals. ...
... A series of consecutive biochemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that produce a specific end product. Catabolism- the breakdown of food stuffs to simple organic chemicals. Anabolism- the synthesis of biomolecules from simple organic chemicals. ...
Midterm Exam Advanced Biochemistry II (Answer) 1. At equilibrium
... muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were ...
... muscle tissue is vastly increased. In rabbit leg muscle or turkey flight muscle, the ATP is produced almost exclusively by lactic acid fermentation. ATP is formed in the payoff phase of glycolysis by two reactions, promoted by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase. Suppose skeletal muscle were ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Oxidation of 2 isocitrate (2NADH) 6 ATP Oxidation of 2 -ketoglutarate (2NADH) 6 ATP 2 Direct substrate phosphorylations (2GTP) 2 ATP Oxidation of 2 succinate (2FADH2) 4 ATP Oxidation of 2 malate (2NADH) 6 ATP 24 ATP Summary: 2Acetyl CoA + 24 ADP + 24 Pi 4CO2 + 2H2O + 24 ATP + 2 CoASH ...
... Oxidation of 2 isocitrate (2NADH) 6 ATP Oxidation of 2 -ketoglutarate (2NADH) 6 ATP 2 Direct substrate phosphorylations (2GTP) 2 ATP Oxidation of 2 succinate (2FADH2) 4 ATP Oxidation of 2 malate (2NADH) 6 ATP 24 ATP Summary: 2Acetyl CoA + 24 ADP + 24 Pi 4CO2 + 2H2O + 24 ATP + 2 CoASH ...
13-Krebs cycle
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
Photosynthesis and Respiration 1. What are the three parts of an
... 10. If oxygen is not present, what process occurs in humans after glycolysis? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? Lactic acid fermentation - anaerobic 11. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Products of one produce reactants of the other ...
... 10. If oxygen is not present, what process occurs in humans after glycolysis? Is it aerobic or anaerobic? Lactic acid fermentation - anaerobic 11. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Products of one produce reactants of the other ...
13-Krebs cycle
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
A mutant defective in enzyme
... (c) Relatively high [K ] outside the cell and high [Na ] inside the cell, with greater permeability of the membrane to K+ than Na+. (d) Relatively high [K+] outside the cell and high [Na+] inside the cell, with greater permeability of the membrane to Na+ than K+. (e) Rubbing the cells together so th ...
... (c) Relatively high [K ] outside the cell and high [Na ] inside the cell, with greater permeability of the membrane to K+ than Na+. (d) Relatively high [K+] outside the cell and high [Na+] inside the cell, with greater permeability of the membrane to Na+ than K+. (e) Rubbing the cells together so th ...
Biology 112/111
... thylakoid space, how many H+’s and electrons are picked up by NADP+, what are 2 H2O broken into?) 12. What products of the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin cycle? 13. What does the Calvin cycle require from the atmosphere? 14. What does the Calvin cycle produce? LEVEL 1: Describe the ...
... thylakoid space, how many H+’s and electrons are picked up by NADP+, what are 2 H2O broken into?) 12. What products of the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin cycle? 13. What does the Calvin cycle require from the atmosphere? 14. What does the Calvin cycle produce? LEVEL 1: Describe the ...
Coomes CELLULAR RESPIRATION: PRACTICE QUESTIONS PRE
... D) the formation of alcohol. E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. ...
... D) the formation of alcohol. E) the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. ...
Worked Example 20.1
... Look at Figure 20.5 and find the pathway for lipids. Follow the arrows to trace the flow of energy. Note that Stage 3 is the point at which the products of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein catabolism all feed into a central, common metabolic pathway, the citric acid cycle. The lipid molecules that f ...
... Look at Figure 20.5 and find the pathway for lipids. Follow the arrows to trace the flow of energy. Note that Stage 3 is the point at which the products of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein catabolism all feed into a central, common metabolic pathway, the citric acid cycle. The lipid molecules that f ...
EXAM2
... the big four in a major pathway and I have 4 carbons. I play a prominent role in C4 plants. You may say that I catch CO2, but that is wrong. Some consider me the great communicator. I even have two enzymes named for me. When you think of fatty acid synthesis, I should come strongly in mind. Who am I ...
... the big four in a major pathway and I have 4 carbons. I play a prominent role in C4 plants. You may say that I catch CO2, but that is wrong. Some consider me the great communicator. I even have two enzymes named for me. When you think of fatty acid synthesis, I should come strongly in mind. Who am I ...
Fatty Acid Degradation Catabolism Overview TAG and FA
... • Carnitine ester: another high energy bond • Transporter: Major site of regulation of FA degradation ...
... • Carnitine ester: another high energy bond • Transporter: Major site of regulation of FA degradation ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... – Run through beta oxidation SEVEN times • 7 QH2 = 10.5 ATP • 7NADH = 17.5 ATP ...
... – Run through beta oxidation SEVEN times • 7 QH2 = 10.5 ATP • 7NADH = 17.5 ATP ...
Oxidation – a molecule loses electrons
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 molecules created in glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle become oxidized (lose their e-, therefore recycled back to NAD+ and FAD) to the proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. While the electrons are passed from protein to protein, energy is released that i ...
... a. All of the NADH and FADH2 molecules created in glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle become oxidized (lose their e-, therefore recycled back to NAD+ and FAD) to the proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. While the electrons are passed from protein to protein, energy is released that i ...
The Calvin Cycle
... • The Calvin Cycle is much like the Citric Acid Cycle in that the circular process regenerates the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producing energy as it co ...
... • The Calvin Cycle is much like the Citric Acid Cycle in that the circular process regenerates the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producing energy as it co ...
2015FallNSC408
... d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase Kinase-4 In cancer cells and diabetes, glucose oxidation via Krebs cycle is impaired. a. True b. False Obesity may contribute to diabetes by derailing normal mitochondrial oxidation of glucose. a. True b. False Which of the following compounds may increase the risk for colo ...
... d. Pyruvate dehydrogenase Kinase-4 In cancer cells and diabetes, glucose oxidation via Krebs cycle is impaired. a. True b. False Obesity may contribute to diabetes by derailing normal mitochondrial oxidation of glucose. a. True b. False Which of the following compounds may increase the risk for colo ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.