ACID BASE - Union City High School
... aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, thereby increasing the concentration of H+ ions. Because hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, H+ is simply a proton. Thus, acids are often called proton donors. ...
... aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions, thereby increasing the concentration of H+ ions. Because hydrogen atom consists of a proton and an electron, H+ is simply a proton. Thus, acids are often called proton donors. ...
video slide - Course
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Energy and Enzymes
... Phosphorylation refers to the chemical reactions that make ATP by adding Pi to ADP: ADP + Pi + energy ATP + H2O Phosphorylation occurs by two different kinds of reactions discussed below. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation The formation of ATP in the cytoplasm is substrate-level phosphorylation. Ener ...
... Phosphorylation refers to the chemical reactions that make ATP by adding Pi to ADP: ADP + Pi + energy ATP + H2O Phosphorylation occurs by two different kinds of reactions discussed below. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation The formation of ATP in the cytoplasm is substrate-level phosphorylation. Ener ...
mechanism of photosynthesis
... transferred to ferredoxin reducing substance (FRS). FRS further reduces an iron containing protein called ferredoxin. The electron from reduced ferrredoxin then reduces NADP to NADPH with the help of H+ released from H2O. When a quantum of wavelengthof light of lower wavelength is received by PS-II ...
... transferred to ferredoxin reducing substance (FRS). FRS further reduces an iron containing protein called ferredoxin. The electron from reduced ferrredoxin then reduces NADP to NADPH with the help of H+ released from H2O. When a quantum of wavelengthof light of lower wavelength is received by PS-II ...
Metabolic Reactions Responsible for Glucose
... the metabolic reactions responsible, specific inhibitors were added to cultures grown in LP or LP glucose, and APase activity was monitored. The addition of 2.5 mM-potassium fluoride, which inhibits enolase in vivo (Kanapka & Hamilton, 1971) and is also active against V . cholerae enolase in uitro ( ...
... the metabolic reactions responsible, specific inhibitors were added to cultures grown in LP or LP glucose, and APase activity was monitored. The addition of 2.5 mM-potassium fluoride, which inhibits enolase in vivo (Kanapka & Hamilton, 1971) and is also active against V . cholerae enolase in uitro ( ...
LIPID MOBILIZATION
... • Lack of this enzyme in the liver prevents the futile cycle of synthesis and breakdown of acetoacetate. • Starvation causes the brain and some other tissues to increase the synthesis of b ketoacyl-CoA transferase, and therefore to increase their ability to use these compounds for energy. ...
... • Lack of this enzyme in the liver prevents the futile cycle of synthesis and breakdown of acetoacetate. • Starvation causes the brain and some other tissues to increase the synthesis of b ketoacyl-CoA transferase, and therefore to increase their ability to use these compounds for energy. ...
Ch.08An Introduction to Metabolism
... (a) Endergonic reaction 1 ATP phosphorylates glutamic acid, making the amino acid less stable. ...
... (a) Endergonic reaction 1 ATP phosphorylates glutamic acid, making the amino acid less stable. ...
Carbon-Based Molecules
... C O Fruits and grains both contain large amounts of carbohyH H H drates. Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, hydroC C H OH gen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are both types of carboHO OH C C hydrates. These carbohydrates can be broken down to H OH produce energy in cells. Some carbohydrate ...
... C O Fruits and grains both contain large amounts of carbohyH H H drates. Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, hydroC C H OH gen, and oxygen. Sugars and starches are both types of carboHO OH C C hydrates. These carbohydrates can be broken down to H OH produce energy in cells. Some carbohydrate ...
the code of translation
... 5. The first tRNA leaves, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. 6. The next tRNA brings in the next amino acid, and a peptide bond is formed between this amino acid and the growing amino acid chain. 7. The process continues with the ribosome moving along the mRNA molecule and the ...
... 5. The first tRNA leaves, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. 6. The next tRNA brings in the next amino acid, and a peptide bond is formed between this amino acid and the growing amino acid chain. 7. The process continues with the ribosome moving along the mRNA molecule and the ...
Unit 2
... 7/21 Outcomes (several introduced in pH and Buffers – I lab on 7/19): 1. To understand the self-ionization of water, that it always occurs in any aqueous solution, and that it has a specific equilibrium constant called Kw, the ion product of water. 2. To understand the definitions of pH and pOH, and ...
... 7/21 Outcomes (several introduced in pH and Buffers – I lab on 7/19): 1. To understand the self-ionization of water, that it always occurs in any aqueous solution, and that it has a specific equilibrium constant called Kw, the ion product of water. 2. To understand the definitions of pH and pOH, and ...
Module 6 – Microbial Metabolism
... become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they may not be lost, since many TCA cycle ...
... become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they may not be lost, since many TCA cycle ...
Why Glycogen as an Energy Storage Molecule?
... regulated by hormones • Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine regulate mammalian glycogen metabolism ...
... regulated by hormones • Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine regulate mammalian glycogen metabolism ...
CHEM 32-002
... 13) (5 points) Starch is made up of two different polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin. How are their chemical structures different from one another? ...
... 13) (5 points) Starch is made up of two different polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin. How are their chemical structures different from one another? ...
biomolecules
... but does not show the bonds, sizes of atoms or shape of the molecule 2. structural formulas – shows arrangement of all atoms and bonds in the molecule, but not the actual shape of the molecule or sizes of atoms and larger molecules can be difficult to draw 3. skeletal structure – simply shows arrang ...
... but does not show the bonds, sizes of atoms or shape of the molecule 2. structural formulas – shows arrangement of all atoms and bonds in the molecule, but not the actual shape of the molecule or sizes of atoms and larger molecules can be difficult to draw 3. skeletal structure – simply shows arrang ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is a science concerning the chemical
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
Biochemistry Biochemistry is a science concerning the chemical
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
... The key problems: Oxidative fates of pyruvate – oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (reaction, enzymes, coenzymes, regulation of this cycle). The energetics of the TCA cycle. Cellular bioenergetics: the compounds containing high-energy bo ...
Mitochondrial very long chain acyl
... on skin fibroblasts and the results of the long chain triglyceride loading test suggested a diagnosis of long chain fatty acid oxidation defect. Unexpectedly, matrix LCAD activity was normal. The description of a new enzyme, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involved in long chain fatt ...
... on skin fibroblasts and the results of the long chain triglyceride loading test suggested a diagnosis of long chain fatty acid oxidation defect. Unexpectedly, matrix LCAD activity was normal. The description of a new enzyme, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involved in long chain fatt ...
PowerPoint - Michigan State University
... Condensation Reactions • Form polymers from subunits • Enzymes remove -OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules • Discarded atoms can join to form water Hydrolysis • A type of cleavage reaction • Breaks polymers into smaller units • Enzymes split molecules into two or mo ...
... Condensation Reactions • Form polymers from subunits • Enzymes remove -OH from one molecule, H from another, form bond between two molecules • Discarded atoms can join to form water Hydrolysis • A type of cleavage reaction • Breaks polymers into smaller units • Enzymes split molecules into two or mo ...
Ch 3 Lipids
... • The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains _________ information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in __________ of proteins and can act as enzymes. • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases _________ during cell processes, enabling org ...
... • The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains _________ information for cell activities. • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key roles in __________ of proteins and can act as enzymes. • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases _________ during cell processes, enabling org ...
last year`s April exam
... b) Draw a picture that shows how water molecules can interact with an aldehyde through H-bonding, showing all possible interactions. ...
... b) Draw a picture that shows how water molecules can interact with an aldehyde through H-bonding, showing all possible interactions. ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.