Slide 1 - E-Learning/An-Najah National University
... appears, proteins called elongation factors assist in binding it to the exposed mRNA codon at the A site. When the second tRNA binds to the ribosome, it places its amino acid directly adjacent to the initial methionine, which is still attached to its tRNA molecule, which in turn is still bound to ...
... appears, proteins called elongation factors assist in binding it to the exposed mRNA codon at the A site. When the second tRNA binds to the ribosome, it places its amino acid directly adjacent to the initial methionine, which is still attached to its tRNA molecule, which in turn is still bound to ...
Chemistry: Biological Molecules (GPC)
... Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by bonds between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule. Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is ipped over and packed tightly as extended long chains. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strengthwhich is so impor ...
... Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by bonds between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule. Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is ipped over and packed tightly as extended long chains. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strengthwhich is so impor ...
Aerobic Glycolysis: Meeting the Metabolic Requirements of Cell
... phosphofructokinase) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was shown to be limited by the consumption, not production, of ATP (Scholnick et al 1973). Additionally, cancer cells utilize the less active M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase, which catalyzes the step in glycolysis responsible for net ATP synth ...
... phosphofructokinase) of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was shown to be limited by the consumption, not production, of ATP (Scholnick et al 1973). Additionally, cancer cells utilize the less active M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase, which catalyzes the step in glycolysis responsible for net ATP synth ...
Chapter Twenty Three
... to NAD+ which is then available in the cytosol for glycolysis. Lactate formation serves no purpose other than NAD+ production, and the lactate is reoxidized to pyruvate when oxygen is available. ► Microorganisms often must survive in the absence of oxygen and have evolved numerous anaerobic strategi ...
... to NAD+ which is then available in the cytosol for glycolysis. Lactate formation serves no purpose other than NAD+ production, and the lactate is reoxidized to pyruvate when oxygen is available. ► Microorganisms often must survive in the absence of oxygen and have evolved numerous anaerobic strategi ...
Chapter Outline
... – phallus becomes clitoris, urogenital folds develop into labia minora & labioscrotal folds into labia majora – paramesonephric duct develops into uterine tubes, uterus and vagina ...
... – phallus becomes clitoris, urogenital folds develop into labia minora & labioscrotal folds into labia majora – paramesonephric duct develops into uterine tubes, uterus and vagina ...
Amino Acid Metabolism
... • Although hydrolysis of the peptide bonds does not involve ATP, the various processes of protein degradation require considerable expenditure of energy, possibly more than is required for protein synthesis • Protein turnover contributes at least 20% to resting energy expenditure (basal metabolic ra ...
... • Although hydrolysis of the peptide bonds does not involve ATP, the various processes of protein degradation require considerable expenditure of energy, possibly more than is required for protein synthesis • Protein turnover contributes at least 20% to resting energy expenditure (basal metabolic ra ...
acetyl CoA - LSU School of Medicine
... A) Long chain fatty acids - activated by fatty acyl CoA synthase (thiokinase) (Fig. 15.6). Very important - 2 high energy bonds are used to activate a fatty acid. In typical reactions, ATP (2~) is converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PP ...
... A) Long chain fatty acids - activated by fatty acyl CoA synthase (thiokinase) (Fig. 15.6). Very important - 2 high energy bonds are used to activate a fatty acid. In typical reactions, ATP (2~) is converted to ADP (1~) and Pi (0~). In the thiokinase reaction, ATP (2~) is converted to AMP (0~) and PP ...
Unit 2 ~ Learning Guide Name
... are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid end. A tremendous number of variations exist between fatty acids (be sure that you can recognize a diagram of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as shown below). Saturated fatty acids those compounds _________________________ ...
... are non-polar chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid end. A tremendous number of variations exist between fatty acids (be sure that you can recognize a diagram of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as shown below). Saturated fatty acids those compounds _________________________ ...
Magnesium: Mineral Link to Energy
... pyruvate is further converted to acetyl CoA. The formation of acetyl CoA links anaerobic glycolysis in the cytosol to aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. Magnesium is the key catalyst for the multienzyme regulatory switch between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. The citric acid cycle (Krebs ...
... pyruvate is further converted to acetyl CoA. The formation of acetyl CoA links anaerobic glycolysis in the cytosol to aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. Magnesium is the key catalyst for the multienzyme regulatory switch between anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. The citric acid cycle (Krebs ...
Cloning of Plastid Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase cDNA from Setaria italica
... step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Graminaceous ACCase in plastid is the target site of two classes of graminicide herbicides. Two full-length cDNAs of plastid ACCase from sethoxydim-resistant and sensitive Setaria italica Beauv., named foxACC-R and foxACC-S, have been cloned. cDNA sequencing showed t ...
... step in fatty acid biosynthesis. Graminaceous ACCase in plastid is the target site of two classes of graminicide herbicides. Two full-length cDNAs of plastid ACCase from sethoxydim-resistant and sensitive Setaria italica Beauv., named foxACC-R and foxACC-S, have been cloned. cDNA sequencing showed t ...
ADM: Facts about Fats
... of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). As their name implies, LCFAs are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, as illustrated in the figure below. The most common fatty acids found in feed supplements are 16 and 18 carbons in length (see table). These can be found either combined with ...
... of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). As their name implies, LCFAs are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, as illustrated in the figure below. The most common fatty acids found in feed supplements are 16 and 18 carbons in length (see table). These can be found either combined with ...
Glycolic Acid Labeling During Photosynthesis
... with 14CO. and tritiated water (HTO). Provided the rate of the hydrogen transport reaction were significant compared to the biosynthesis of glycolic acid from CO, one might expect a significantly higher ratio of tritium to :'C in glycolic acid than in other intermediates of the photosynthetic carbol ...
... with 14CO. and tritiated water (HTO). Provided the rate of the hydrogen transport reaction were significant compared to the biosynthesis of glycolic acid from CO, one might expect a significantly higher ratio of tritium to :'C in glycolic acid than in other intermediates of the photosynthetic carbol ...
INBORN ERRORS OF AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM
... When the body cannot break down tyrosine, high levels build up in the blood and form a toxic substance (known as succinylacetone) in the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. This means that if tyrosinemia isn't treated, it may cause liver and kidney damage and brain-related problems, such as ...
... When the body cannot break down tyrosine, high levels build up in the blood and form a toxic substance (known as succinylacetone) in the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. This means that if tyrosinemia isn't treated, it may cause liver and kidney damage and brain-related problems, such as ...
Purine and pyrimidi..
... AMP or GMP is metabolized to give hypoxanthine which is then converted into xanthine and finally into uric acid as in the next slide. Most of uric acid is excreted by the kidney. The remaining uric acid travels through the intestines, where bacteria help break it down. Normally these actions keep th ...
... AMP or GMP is metabolized to give hypoxanthine which is then converted into xanthine and finally into uric acid as in the next slide. Most of uric acid is excreted by the kidney. The remaining uric acid travels through the intestines, where bacteria help break it down. Normally these actions keep th ...
Introduc)on*to*Amino*Acids*and* Proteins*
... • Analyze'a'mixture'of'α7amino'acids' • Identify'substances'in'an'electrical'field'by'separation' – Cations'(1+)'move'to'the'negative'electrode' – Anions'(17)'move'to'the'positive'electrode' – Neutral'α7amino'acids'does'not'migrate' ...
... • Analyze'a'mixture'of'α7amino'acids' • Identify'substances'in'an'electrical'field'by'separation' – Cations'(1+)'move'to'the'negative'electrode' – Anions'(17)'move'to'the'positive'electrode' – Neutral'α7amino'acids'does'not'migrate' ...
Chapter 2: Fuel Utilization and Muscle Metabolism During Exercise,
... oxygen captured from the air by the lungs, and they are fed by nutrients and oxygen carried through the bloodstream. It is essential to remember that a full understanding of muscle metabolism begins at the cellular level, but also includes hydration, nutrition, meal timing and maintenance of muscle ...
... oxygen captured from the air by the lungs, and they are fed by nutrients and oxygen carried through the bloodstream. It is essential to remember that a full understanding of muscle metabolism begins at the cellular level, but also includes hydration, nutrition, meal timing and maintenance of muscle ...
Slide 1
... 1. Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase & PEP carboxykinase 2. Conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate Enzyme: Fructose bisphosphatase 3. Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose Enzyme: Glucose 6-phosphatase ...
... 1. Conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase & PEP carboxykinase 2. Conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate Enzyme: Fructose bisphosphatase 3. Conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose Enzyme: Glucose 6-phosphatase ...
Fermentation EnBio
... In aerobic respiration, the nal electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2 . If aerobic respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of the high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal elec ...
... In aerobic respiration, the nal electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2 . If aerobic respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of the high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. Some living systems use an organic molecule as the nal elec ...
H - IS MU
... • Ascorbate is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. It is made internally by almost all organisms; the main exceptions are bats, guinea pigs, capybaras and primates. Ascorbate is also not synthesized by some species of birds and fish. These animals all lac ...
... • Ascorbate is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. It is made internally by almost all organisms; the main exceptions are bats, guinea pigs, capybaras and primates. Ascorbate is also not synthesized by some species of birds and fish. These animals all lac ...
I Biology I Lecture Outline 5 The Cell
... a) Are capable of direl.:tly carrying out and fos tering metabolic reactions b) These are actually enzymes attached to the plasma membrane as opposed to independently 'poating around" in the cytoplasm ...
... a) Are capable of direl.:tly carrying out and fos tering metabolic reactions b) These are actually enzymes attached to the plasma membrane as opposed to independently 'poating around" in the cytoplasm ...
WRL3116.tmp
... 54. The result of a(n) __________ reaction is that energy is released. Energy must be added for a(n) __________ reaction to proceed. A. Enzyme catalyzed, non-spontaneous B. * Exergonic, endergonic C. Endergonic, spontaneous D. Catalytic, non-catalytic E. Oxidative, hydrolysis 55. The steady state as ...
... 54. The result of a(n) __________ reaction is that energy is released. Energy must be added for a(n) __________ reaction to proceed. A. Enzyme catalyzed, non-spontaneous B. * Exergonic, endergonic C. Endergonic, spontaneous D. Catalytic, non-catalytic E. Oxidative, hydrolysis 55. The steady state as ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.