Chapter 5
... A healthy biosphere provides many resources to humans and other organisms that live on Earth. Green plants add oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide. Many bacteria and fungi add nutrients back to the environment by decomposing dead organisms. ...
... A healthy biosphere provides many resources to humans and other organisms that live on Earth. Green plants add oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide. Many bacteria and fungi add nutrients back to the environment by decomposing dead organisms. ...
Beyond species loss: the extinction of ecological interactions in a
... Biodiversity loss has been largely assessed through species extinctions. However, an important yet frequently missed component of biodiversity loss that goes along or may even precede species extinctions is the extinction of ecological interactions in which those species are engaged (Janzen 1974; Ty ...
... Biodiversity loss has been largely assessed through species extinctions. However, an important yet frequently missed component of biodiversity loss that goes along or may even precede species extinctions is the extinction of ecological interactions in which those species are engaged (Janzen 1974; Ty ...
Beyond species loss: The extinction of ecological
... Biodiversity loss has been largely assessed through species extinctions. However, an important yet frequently missed component of biodiversity loss that goes along or may even precede species extinctions is the extinction of ecological interactions in which those species are engaged (Janzen 1974; Ty ...
... Biodiversity loss has been largely assessed through species extinctions. However, an important yet frequently missed component of biodiversity loss that goes along or may even precede species extinctions is the extinction of ecological interactions in which those species are engaged (Janzen 1974; Ty ...
Inferring species interactions in ecological communities
... account (see Materials and Methods). Table 1 gives an overview of the precise definitions, assumptions and data needed for the specific methods. All four methods are individually widely used in both diversity-functioning and predator–prey research (see, e.g., Ayala, Gilpin & Ehrenfeld 1973; Case & Ben ...
... account (see Materials and Methods). Table 1 gives an overview of the precise definitions, assumptions and data needed for the specific methods. All four methods are individually widely used in both diversity-functioning and predator–prey research (see, e.g., Ayala, Gilpin & Ehrenfeld 1973; Case & Ben ...
building a regional species pool: diversification of the
... contains species that inhabit only water bodies that support fish populations. This ‘‘southeastern’’ clade diversified at a much slower and more steady pace within the fish-lake habitat than the ‘‘New England’’ clade, but four speciation events in this clade appear to have occurred at the same time ...
... contains species that inhabit only water bodies that support fish populations. This ‘‘southeastern’’ clade diversified at a much slower and more steady pace within the fish-lake habitat than the ‘‘New England’’ clade, but four speciation events in this clade appear to have occurred at the same time ...
Understanding Our Environment
... In this century, human impacts have accelerated that rate, causing perhaps hundreds to thousands of extinctions annually. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. ...
... In this century, human impacts have accelerated that rate, causing perhaps hundreds to thousands of extinctions annually. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. ...
Species-specific effects of genetic diversity and species
... hypothesis postulates that, everything else being equal, an increase in diversity can improve plant performance and ecosystem functioning (Tilman 1999). This effect may arise through niche differentiation, i.e. complementary use of limiting resources, through facilitation, i.e. beneficial effects of ...
... hypothesis postulates that, everything else being equal, an increase in diversity can improve plant performance and ecosystem functioning (Tilman 1999). This effect may arise through niche differentiation, i.e. complementary use of limiting resources, through facilitation, i.e. beneficial effects of ...
Understanding Our Environment
... In this century, human impacts have accelerated that rate, causing perhaps hundreds to thousands of extinctions annually. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. ...
... In this century, human impacts have accelerated that rate, causing perhaps hundreds to thousands of extinctions annually. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. ...
From biodiversity-based conservation to an ethic of bioproportionality
... Few vast areas of land relatively undisturbed by human activity and home to abundant populations of wild, indigenous animal species remain on earth, but wherever they do – as in parts of the Arctic, Antarctica, Australia and South America – they are currently threatened with large-scale resource ext ...
... Few vast areas of land relatively undisturbed by human activity and home to abundant populations of wild, indigenous animal species remain on earth, but wherever they do – as in parts of the Arctic, Antarctica, Australia and South America – they are currently threatened with large-scale resource ext ...
Strategies to Protect Biological Diversity and the
... caused by isolation, highlights different evolutionary processes and suggests alternative strategies for conservation. Planning for both species and areas should emphasize protection of historically isolated lineages (Evolutionarily Signicant Units) because these cannot be recovered. By contrast, a ...
... caused by isolation, highlights different evolutionary processes and suggests alternative strategies for conservation. Planning for both species and areas should emphasize protection of historically isolated lineages (Evolutionarily Signicant Units) because these cannot be recovered. By contrast, a ...
Strategies to Protect Biological Diversity and the
... caused by isolation, highlights different evolutionary processes and suggests alternative strategies for conservation. Planning for both species and areas should emphasize protection of historically isolated lineages (Evolutionarily Signicant Units) because these cannot be recovered. By contrast, a ...
... caused by isolation, highlights different evolutionary processes and suggests alternative strategies for conservation. Planning for both species and areas should emphasize protection of historically isolated lineages (Evolutionarily Signicant Units) because these cannot be recovered. By contrast, a ...
SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIPS SPECIES-AREA REL.ATIONSHIPS
... in site quality is often manifest in total species richness, which should be controlled for in null models of species co-occurrence (Connor and Simberloff 1970). But why is species richness greater in some sites than in others? This question is an important one that has been studied independently of ...
... in site quality is often manifest in total species richness, which should be controlled for in null models of species co-occurrence (Connor and Simberloff 1970). But why is species richness greater in some sites than in others? This question is an important one that has been studied independently of ...
Biodiversity conservation in Himalayan region
... “Yet, despite our many advances, our environment is still threatened by a range of problems, including global climate change, energy dependence on unsustainable fossil fuels and loss of biodiversity.” Reasons for Loss of Biodiversity Extinction is a natural part of life on earth. Over the history of ...
... “Yet, despite our many advances, our environment is still threatened by a range of problems, including global climate change, energy dependence on unsustainable fossil fuels and loss of biodiversity.” Reasons for Loss of Biodiversity Extinction is a natural part of life on earth. Over the history of ...
Genetic analysis of aspen (Populus tremula L. and Populus
... diversity and productivity (Loreau and Yachi 1999; Tilman et al. 2001; Catovsky et al. 2002; Schmid et al. 2008). Also, for forest tree species, plantations with different tree species achieved greater productivity than monocultures in the humid tropics (Erskine et al. 2006). Conversely, only a few ...
... diversity and productivity (Loreau and Yachi 1999; Tilman et al. 2001; Catovsky et al. 2002; Schmid et al. 2008). Also, for forest tree species, plantations with different tree species achieved greater productivity than monocultures in the humid tropics (Erskine et al. 2006). Conversely, only a few ...
Genetic aspects of ex situ conservation
... basically three selection pressures operating on populations in captivity; relaxed natural selection; artificial selection and natural selection in captivity. Relaxation of natural selection is a natural consequence of the environmental changes associated with provision of food, shelter and protecti ...
... basically three selection pressures operating on populations in captivity; relaxed natural selection; artificial selection and natural selection in captivity. Relaxation of natural selection is a natural consequence of the environmental changes associated with provision of food, shelter and protecti ...
Dynamics of ecological communities in variable environments
... ecosystems of our world. Some of the most severe threats are the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats and the impact of climate change (Pereira et al. 2010). One of the major challenges for ecologists is to be able to forecast what the consequences will be for the stability and persiste ...
... ecosystems of our world. Some of the most severe threats are the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats and the impact of climate change (Pereira et al. 2010). One of the major challenges for ecologists is to be able to forecast what the consequences will be for the stability and persiste ...
Threatened Species Conservation Act Statutory Review
... medicinal resources; to resist disease; and to adaptively respond to threats such as climate change. Nature’s plants and animals are an intrinsic part of our land and culture and we have a responsibility and a strong interest in their conservation. Key industries, including agriculture, fisheries, b ...
... medicinal resources; to resist disease; and to adaptively respond to threats such as climate change. Nature’s plants and animals are an intrinsic part of our land and culture and we have a responsibility and a strong interest in their conservation. Key industries, including agriculture, fisheries, b ...
Consumer species richness and nutrients
... prey diversity have been largely neglected. It is well known that a loss of a consumer species can radically change entire ecosystems18, but we can only guess what the consequences of losing multiple consumer species would be. Furthermore, it is acknowledged that the mechanisms that regulate biodive ...
... prey diversity have been largely neglected. It is well known that a loss of a consumer species can radically change entire ecosystems18, but we can only guess what the consequences of losing multiple consumer species would be. Furthermore, it is acknowledged that the mechanisms that regulate biodive ...
The Gray Zone: Relationships between habitat loss and marine
... or from small scale experiments that can hardly reproduce the large scales, spatial and temporal, typical of human-induced habitat loss (Table 1). Most of these comparisons focus on only few habitats (i.e. seagrasses and canopy-forming algae) and taxa (e.g., fishes, macroinvertebrates and macroalgae) ...
... or from small scale experiments that can hardly reproduce the large scales, spatial and temporal, typical of human-induced habitat loss (Table 1). Most of these comparisons focus on only few habitats (i.e. seagrasses and canopy-forming algae) and taxa (e.g., fishes, macroinvertebrates and macroalgae) ...
7th Annual EFJ Public Lecture - The Environmental Foundation of
... distinguish between those ‘old time’ extinctions and extinctions of the more recent, man-made variety. Second, we will discuss the current humanmediated threats to Jamaica’s environment and to the island’s rich collection of unique plant and animal species. Third, we will examine some comparatively ...
... distinguish between those ‘old time’ extinctions and extinctions of the more recent, man-made variety. Second, we will discuss the current humanmediated threats to Jamaica’s environment and to the island’s rich collection of unique plant and animal species. Third, we will examine some comparatively ...
Functional Extinctions of Species in Ecological Networks Torbjörn Säterberg
... extinctions and threshold values for species’ mortality rates in ecological networks. More specifically, I have derived threshold values for focal species mortality rates at which another species or the focal species itself goes numerically extinct (Paper I-II), or transgresses some predefined thres ...
... extinctions and threshold values for species’ mortality rates in ecological networks. More specifically, I have derived threshold values for focal species mortality rates at which another species or the focal species itself goes numerically extinct (Paper I-II), or transgresses some predefined thres ...
video slide - CARNES AP BIO | "Nothing in biology makes
... • The high rate of species extinction is largely a result of ecosystem degradation by humans • Humans are threatening Earth’s biodiversity ...
... • The high rate of species extinction is largely a result of ecosystem degradation by humans • Humans are threatening Earth’s biodiversity ...
network topology and biodiversity loss in food webs: robustness
... secondary extinctions. This is especially apparent in the Scotch Broom web (Fig. 1b), a single-species based “source web.” Memmott et al. (2000) compiled the food web by starting with the shrub Scotch broom and tracing herbivore, predator, parasitoid, and pathogen trophic links upward from that plan ...
... secondary extinctions. This is especially apparent in the Scotch Broom web (Fig. 1b), a single-species based “source web.” Memmott et al. (2000) compiled the food web by starting with the shrub Scotch broom and tracing herbivore, predator, parasitoid, and pathogen trophic links upward from that plan ...
for saving species - Threatened Species Recovery Hub
... The Hub is supporting world-class science from some of Australia’s most prominent and established scientists. And it is also investing in the future by nurturing Australia’s next generation of science leaders. Conservation scientists can be innovation leaders. We all have a responsibility to be posi ...
... The Hub is supporting world-class science from some of Australia’s most prominent and established scientists. And it is also investing in the future by nurturing Australia’s next generation of science leaders. Conservation scientists can be innovation leaders. We all have a responsibility to be posi ...
Effects of Competition, Predation, and Dispersal on Species
... Gaston 2000). However, a number of studies have raised issues with the interpretation of these patterns, suggesting that explanations other than strong dispersal limitation and weak local interactions may be invoked to account for linear relationships between local and regional diversity (Caswell an ...
... Gaston 2000). However, a number of studies have raised issues with the interpretation of these patterns, suggesting that explanations other than strong dispersal limitation and weak local interactions may be invoked to account for linear relationships between local and regional diversity (Caswell an ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.