File - Cook Biology
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Ecological Modelling Mathematical model of livestock and
... three characteristic players interact. There is evidence of competition between sheep and guanacos (Nabte et al., 2013; Marqués et al., 2011), mainly for forage and water. From a diet of 80 species of plants, they share 76 (Baldi et al., 2004), so that sheep carrying capacity decreases when the numb ...
... three characteristic players interact. There is evidence of competition between sheep and guanacos (Nabte et al., 2013; Marqués et al., 2011), mainly for forage and water. From a diet of 80 species of plants, they share 76 (Baldi et al., 2004), so that sheep carrying capacity decreases when the numb ...
Genetic Translocation Strategies Explained
... conservation of populations and species in significant decline. Genetic problems often arise in populations that have experienced a large reduction in density over a short period, and subsequently undergone a large drop in effective population size that persists for a number of generations. Genetic ...
... conservation of populations and species in significant decline. Genetic problems often arise in populations that have experienced a large reduction in density over a short period, and subsequently undergone a large drop in effective population size that persists for a number of generations. Genetic ...
Species, Functional Groups, and Thresholds in Ecological Resilience
... Functional groups pertain to biological diversity at the species level, which is useful because species have been the focus of study for many decades. As a result, the causes, patterns, and consequences of changes in species composition are relatively well known compared with other organizational le ...
... Functional groups pertain to biological diversity at the species level, which is useful because species have been the focus of study for many decades. As a result, the causes, patterns, and consequences of changes in species composition are relatively well known compared with other organizational le ...
DIVERSITY MEASURES
... The measure 2D can be interpreted as the number of “relatively abundant species” in the assemblage. All standard complexity measures can be converted to effective number of species. Since these and all other Hill numbers have the same units as species richness, it is possible to graph them on a sin ...
... The measure 2D can be interpreted as the number of “relatively abundant species” in the assemblage. All standard complexity measures can be converted to effective number of species. Since these and all other Hill numbers have the same units as species richness, it is possible to graph them on a sin ...
Biodiversity and Species Extinctions in Model Food Webs Charlotte Borrvall
... By means of a theoretical approach this thesis deals with the response of food webs to a large perturbation, species loss (Paper I-III), and the response of food webs to demographic (Paper II) and environmental stochasticity (Paper IV). The effects of species extinction are compared for food webs wi ...
... By means of a theoretical approach this thesis deals with the response of food webs to a large perturbation, species loss (Paper I-III), and the response of food webs to demographic (Paper II) and environmental stochasticity (Paper IV). The effects of species extinction are compared for food webs wi ...
Dispersal Rates Affect Species Composition in Metacommunities of
... most of the species was lowest when there was no dispersal among local communities (table 1; fig. 2D); the probability of local extinction is likely to be highest when local abundances are low. These patterns reflect those seen in closed and linked communities in other systems (Huffaker 1958; Shorro ...
... most of the species was lowest when there was no dispersal among local communities (table 1; fig. 2D); the probability of local extinction is likely to be highest when local abundances are low. These patterns reflect those seen in closed and linked communities in other systems (Huffaker 1958; Shorro ...
Life in the Aftermath of Mass Extinctions
... the family or genus level [1,136], with extrapolated species-level losses [49], in order to minimize issues related to taxonomic standardization and sampling. Geographic [137], physiological [25,46] and ecological selectivity [24] all ensure that global-scale species-level extrapolations are best es ...
... the family or genus level [1,136], with extrapolated species-level losses [49], in order to minimize issues related to taxonomic standardization and sampling. Geographic [137], physiological [25,46] and ecological selectivity [24] all ensure that global-scale species-level extrapolations are best es ...
IUCN Species Survival Commission
... but within appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area.” Thus, assisted colonisation has been used successfully to counter imminent extinction threats to endangered species long before the current concern over climate change impacts. The revised Guidelines include assisted colonisation as one opti ...
... but within appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area.” Thus, assisted colonisation has been used successfully to counter imminent extinction threats to endangered species long before the current concern over climate change impacts. The revised Guidelines include assisted colonisation as one opti ...
Behavioral Diversity (Ethodiversity): A Neglected Level in the Study
... There is still little information about ethodiversity available to characterize patterns. However, some predictable patterns are expected. One is related to the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity (Gaston, 2000). Ethodiversity is expected to be related to biological complexity, and to be maximum in ...
... There is still little information about ethodiversity available to characterize patterns. However, some predictable patterns are expected. One is related to the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity (Gaston, 2000). Ethodiversity is expected to be related to biological complexity, and to be maximum in ...
Coevolutionary Dynamics and the Conservation of Mutualisms
... zooxanthellae (Herre et al. 1999; Bronstein 2001a). Mutualisms generally involve the exchange of commodities in a “biological market”: each species trades a commodity to which it has ready access for a commodity that is difficult or impossible for it to acquire (Noë and Hammerstein 1995; see also Dou ...
... zooxanthellae (Herre et al. 1999; Bronstein 2001a). Mutualisms generally involve the exchange of commodities in a “biological market”: each species trades a commodity to which it has ready access for a commodity that is difficult or impossible for it to acquire (Noë and Hammerstein 1995; see also Dou ...
Hibernation and daily torpor minimize mammalian extinctions
... (Humphries et al. 2002), may stand a better chance of surviving future energetic challenges than homeothermic species (Liow et al. 2009). Global warming is predicted to alter local weather patterns and increase the frequency and intensity of severe events, such as droughts, fires, storms, and floods ...
... (Humphries et al. 2002), may stand a better chance of surviving future energetic challenges than homeothermic species (Liow et al. 2009). Global warming is predicted to alter local weather patterns and increase the frequency and intensity of severe events, such as droughts, fires, storms, and floods ...
Human acceleration of animal and plant extinctions: A Late
... As AMH populations spread from their evolutionary homeland in Africa between about 70,000 and 50,000 years ago (Klein, 2008), worldwide megafauna began a catastrophic decline, with about 90 of 150 genera (Koch and Barnosky, 2006:216) going extinct by 10,000 cal BP (calendar years before present). A ...
... As AMH populations spread from their evolutionary homeland in Africa between about 70,000 and 50,000 years ago (Klein, 2008), worldwide megafauna began a catastrophic decline, with about 90 of 150 genera (Koch and Barnosky, 2006:216) going extinct by 10,000 cal BP (calendar years before present). A ...
Deleting species from model food webs
... Dept of Theoretical Physics, Univ. of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. ...
... Dept of Theoretical Physics, Univ. of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. ...
Ch5WithgottPPT2
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Species Selection: Theory and Data
... Complex systems naturally fall into hierarchies. Among the many hierarchies found in biological systems, the one incorporating genes, bodies, populations, species, and clades has incited the greatest controversy, centering on the dynamics of units at different levels and the consequences. Selfish or ...
... Complex systems naturally fall into hierarchies. Among the many hierarchies found in biological systems, the one incorporating genes, bodies, populations, species, and clades has incited the greatest controversy, centering on the dynamics of units at different levels and the consequences. Selfish or ...
Ecological Niches and Diversity Maintenance
... Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mecha ...
... Why do some places have much higher diversity than others? Explaining patterns of species diversity on the earth is a problem of long-standing for ecologists. Numerous diversity patterns have been documented [1], but the mechanisms behind these patterns remain poorly understood. If we knew the mecha ...
Large Species Shifts Triggered by Small Forces
... that had not yet reached a point attractor or if the system had become cyclic, the number of alternative attractors was counted by visual inspection of the runs. The results show that from a given species pool several alternative communities can usually be assembled (fig. 2). These alternative commu ...
... that had not yet reached a point attractor or if the system had become cyclic, the number of alternative attractors was counted by visual inspection of the runs. The results show that from a given species pool several alternative communities can usually be assembled (fig. 2). These alternative commu ...
Biodiversity loss
... Biodiversity Loss _____________________ describes the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not of the entire species from Earth. _______________________ - the pace at which species naturally go extinct. ...
... Biodiversity Loss _____________________ describes the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not of the entire species from Earth. _______________________ - the pace at which species naturally go extinct. ...
Chapter 266 - Global Declines of Amphibians
... what may well be the greatest disease-caused loss of biodiversity in recorded history, having caused population crashes or extinctions (often within a single year) of at least 200 species of frogs, even in relatively undisturbed, remote habitats. Compounding the crisis, amphibians suffer from relati ...
... what may well be the greatest disease-caused loss of biodiversity in recorded history, having caused population crashes or extinctions (often within a single year) of at least 200 species of frogs, even in relatively undisturbed, remote habitats. Compounding the crisis, amphibians suffer from relati ...
Documentos a serem entregues pelo SWG “Mosquitoes”
... Harm to or loss of other species. The released LM mosquitoes might cause other valued non-pest species (for instance fishes the mechanism how this could come about is not immediately clear) to become less abundant. These include species of economic, cultural, and/or social importance such as wild fo ...
... Harm to or loss of other species. The released LM mosquitoes might cause other valued non-pest species (for instance fishes the mechanism how this could come about is not immediately clear) to become less abundant. These include species of economic, cultural, and/or social importance such as wild fo ...
73252-05_Lecture_3e
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Food web structure affects the extinction risk of species in ecological
... strong interactions where only the secondary consumer went extinct. Extinction of a species ...
... strong interactions where only the secondary consumer went extinct. Extinction of a species ...
Species diversity: from global decreases to local increases
... Many ecologists and evolutionary biologists expect global diversity to decrease dramatically in the years ahead, likening these reductions to the mass extinction events that occurred in past geological eras [1– 4]. Some projections estimate that more than half of current species could become extinct ...
... Many ecologists and evolutionary biologists expect global diversity to decrease dramatically in the years ahead, likening these reductions to the mass extinction events that occurred in past geological eras [1– 4]. Some projections estimate that more than half of current species could become extinct ...
Species diversity: from global decreases to local
... Many ecologists and evolutionary biologists expect global diversity to decrease dramatically in the years ahead, likening these reductions to the mass extinction events that occurred in past geological eras [1– 4]. Some projections estimate that more than half of current species could become extinct ...
... Many ecologists and evolutionary biologists expect global diversity to decrease dramatically in the years ahead, likening these reductions to the mass extinction events that occurred in past geological eras [1– 4]. Some projections estimate that more than half of current species could become extinct ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.