Biodiversity and Management of Natural Resources
... Biodiversity can be recognized at four levels in a biological hierarchy (Noss 1983; Norse et al. 1986; OTA 1987): (1) genetic diversity refers to the sum total of information in the genes of individual organisms of a species; (2) species diversity is the number and frequency of organisms in a given ...
... Biodiversity can be recognized at four levels in a biological hierarchy (Noss 1983; Norse et al. 1986; OTA 1987): (1) genetic diversity refers to the sum total of information in the genes of individual organisms of a species; (2) species diversity is the number and frequency of organisms in a given ...
KREMEN 2005 Managing Ecosystem Services_What Do We Need
... and (4) measuring the spatio-temporal scale over which providers and services operate. While each of these sub-topics is a subject of active research in ecology, this approach will be most useful in influencing environmental policy and land-use planning when applied in its entirety. For maximum effe ...
... and (4) measuring the spatio-temporal scale over which providers and services operate. While each of these sub-topics is a subject of active research in ecology, this approach will be most useful in influencing environmental policy and land-use planning when applied in its entirety. For maximum effe ...
Delayed biodiversity change: no time to waste
... environmental change and because it is relatively straightforward to quantify (e.g., by using time-series of changes in habitat extent that can be backcast using historical maps). However, recent work has highlighted that biodiversity shows substantially lagged responses to other changes in biotic a ...
... environmental change and because it is relatively straightforward to quantify (e.g., by using time-series of changes in habitat extent that can be backcast using historical maps). However, recent work has highlighted that biodiversity shows substantially lagged responses to other changes in biotic a ...
Trends in the extinction of carnivores in Madagascar B. Cartagena
... an extinct species and a newly discovered species (Albignac, 1972; Durbin et al., 2010; Goodman & Helgen, 2010). The only carnivore known to be extinct in Madagascar is the giant fossa (Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902), considered a larger relative of the extant fossa, Cryptoprocta ferox Bennet ...
... an extinct species and a newly discovered species (Albignac, 1972; Durbin et al., 2010; Goodman & Helgen, 2010). The only carnivore known to be extinct in Madagascar is the giant fossa (Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902), considered a larger relative of the extant fossa, Cryptoprocta ferox Bennet ...
The interplay between environmental conditions and Allee effects
... to represent low and high population growth rates since this parameter could vary widely depending on environmental conditions. The length of breeding season corresponds to the length of the experiment. Given these parameter estimates, the critical density of E. lacustris is expected to fall between ...
... to represent low and high population growth rates since this parameter could vary widely depending on environmental conditions. The length of breeding season corresponds to the length of the experiment. Given these parameter estimates, the critical density of E. lacustris is expected to fall between ...
FAQs On The Monarch Butterfly Endangered Species Act Petition
... apace. In addition, other threats such as global climate change, which increases the frequency of storms, drought, and other severe weather events, can kill large numbers of monarchs making it harder for the population to rebound from historic lows. ...
... apace. In addition, other threats such as global climate change, which increases the frequency of storms, drought, and other severe weather events, can kill large numbers of monarchs making it harder for the population to rebound from historic lows. ...
FAQs On The Monarch Butterfly Endangered Species Act
... apace. In addition, other threats such as global climate change, which increases the frequency of storms, drought, and other severe weather events, can kill large numbers of monarchs making it harder for the population to rebound from historic lows. ...
... apace. In addition, other threats such as global climate change, which increases the frequency of storms, drought, and other severe weather events, can kill large numbers of monarchs making it harder for the population to rebound from historic lows. ...
Genetic diversity in widespread species is not congruent with
... diversity defines the evolutionary potential of species and is consequently of prime importance to allow populations to adapt to new environmental conditions as well as for the long-term preservation of biodiversity under global change. The gene level of biodiversity is important not only for preser ...
... diversity defines the evolutionary potential of species and is consequently of prime importance to allow populations to adapt to new environmental conditions as well as for the long-term preservation of biodiversity under global change. The gene level of biodiversity is important not only for preser ...
Ecosystems - Learning for a Sustainable Future
... foreign species into ecosystems, and altering organisms directly through selective breeding and genetic engineering45. The role of living things within ecosystems Ecosystems are better able to respond to changes and recover when they contain the greatest biodiversity at the genetic, species, and n ...
... foreign species into ecosystems, and altering organisms directly through selective breeding and genetic engineering45. The role of living things within ecosystems Ecosystems are better able to respond to changes and recover when they contain the greatest biodiversity at the genetic, species, and n ...
Cradle or museum?
... - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use new resources, or old resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums”, too… 3. Be released from com ...
... - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use new resources, or old resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums”, too… 3. Be released from com ...
DIVERSITY HYPOTHESIS
... - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use new resources, or old resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums”, too… 3. Be released from com ...
... - How/why is a new adaptive zone colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that allows the organism to use new resources, or old resources in a new way (adaptations to land… adaptations for flight…) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area (islands) – these are “ecological vacuums”, too… 3. Be released from com ...
AP-ES 5 13-14 V2
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Fine-scale community and genetic structure are tightly linked in
... greater levels of species diversity observed in genetically diverse communities, Whitlock et al. [37] tracked the performance of individual genotypes of six species in these communities directly, using molecular markers. This work revealed that mean genotype abundance in all but one of these species ...
... greater levels of species diversity observed in genetically diverse communities, Whitlock et al. [37] tracked the performance of individual genotypes of six species in these communities directly, using molecular markers. This work revealed that mean genotype abundance in all but one of these species ...
Modelling coevolution in multispecies communities
... At this stage it is useful to introduce some notation used in the description of food webs. If one species preys on another then they are said to be linked. Basal species are those with predators but with no prey and top species are those with prey but with no predators. Intermediate species have bo ...
... At this stage it is useful to introduce some notation used in the description of food webs. If one species preys on another then they are said to be linked. Basal species are those with predators but with no prey and top species are those with prey but with no predators. Intermediate species have bo ...
arXiv:adap-org/9801003v1 16 Jan 1998
... At this stage it is useful to introduce some notation used in the description of food webs. If one species preys on another then they are said to be linked. Basal species are those with predators but with no prey and top species are those with prey but with no predators. Intermediate species have bo ...
... At this stage it is useful to introduce some notation used in the description of food webs. If one species preys on another then they are said to be linked. Basal species are those with predators but with no prey and top species are those with prey but with no predators. Intermediate species have bo ...
Ecological and Evolutionary Drivers of Geographic Variation in
... In 1966, Eric Pianka wrote the first review paper on large-scale diversity gradients and reviewed six major hypotheses to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. Since then, several reviews have added new hypotheses to this list (Rohde 1992, Willig et al. 2003, Mittelbach et al. 2007). Complicat ...
... In 1966, Eric Pianka wrote the first review paper on large-scale diversity gradients and reviewed six major hypotheses to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient. Since then, several reviews have added new hypotheses to this list (Rohde 1992, Willig et al. 2003, Mittelbach et al. 2007). Complicat ...
Species diversity, invasion success, and ecosystem functioning
... et al. 1999, 2002a), although sometimes competition for food and space can be difficult to separate (Buss 1979). Because these communities readily occur in harbors and ports, they have been colonized by many species from other biogeographic provinces that have been transported on the bottom of boat ...
... et al. 1999, 2002a), although sometimes competition for food and space can be difficult to separate (Buss 1979). Because these communities readily occur in harbors and ports, they have been colonized by many species from other biogeographic provinces that have been transported on the bottom of boat ...
Towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem
... that paper were useful, in part, because they represented an alternative to those posed by a number of other authors. For example, some have argued that extinction at higher trophic levels may, in fact, have less impact on ecological processes than extinction at lower trophic levels. These arguments ...
... that paper were useful, in part, because they represented an alternative to those posed by a number of other authors. For example, some have argued that extinction at higher trophic levels may, in fact, have less impact on ecological processes than extinction at lower trophic levels. These arguments ...
Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a
... At the other end of the continuum are ‘pattern-oriented’ approaches. Here, the focus is typically on human-perceived landscape patterns and their correlation with measures of species occurrence, including aggregate measures such as species richness. Pattern-oriented approaches originate from island ...
... At the other end of the continuum are ‘pattern-oriented’ approaches. Here, the focus is typically on human-perceived landscape patterns and their correlation with measures of species occurrence, including aggregate measures such as species richness. Pattern-oriented approaches originate from island ...
Food Webs, Models and Species Extinctions in a
... Then I turn to look at which species might be more prone to become endangered or to go extinct in food webs experiencing various types of uncorrelated environmental stochasticity. In paper I I show that producer species are more likely to reach endangered population levels (according to The World Co ...
... Then I turn to look at which species might be more prone to become endangered or to go extinct in food webs experiencing various types of uncorrelated environmental stochasticity. In paper I I show that producer species are more likely to reach endangered population levels (according to The World Co ...
Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity
... species can in theory change, and changes have already been observed, along three distinct but non-exclusive axes (Fig. 2): spatial, temporal or self. The first two axes correspond to easily observable and well documented responses to global warming (Parmesan 2006). ÔSelfÕ corresponds to less visibl ...
... species can in theory change, and changes have already been observed, along three distinct but non-exclusive axes (Fig. 2): spatial, temporal or self. The first two axes correspond to easily observable and well documented responses to global warming (Parmesan 2006). ÔSelfÕ corresponds to less visibl ...
Structure and Stability of Ecological Networks resource use
... size structure of ecological communities. For example, I find that the strength of the relationship between prey body mass and predator body mass is consistently underestimated when species averages are used instead of the individual level data. In some cases, no relationship is found when species a ...
... size structure of ecological communities. For example, I find that the strength of the relationship between prey body mass and predator body mass is consistently underestimated when species averages are used instead of the individual level data. In some cases, no relationship is found when species a ...
Extinction
In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms (taxon), normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point. Because a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly ""reappears"" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence.The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described.Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superior competition. The relationship between animals and their ecological niches has been firmly established. A typical species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance, although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no morphological change for hundreds of millions of years. Mass extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions. Most species that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may become extinct by 2100.