IgG plasma cells display a unique spectrum of
... long-lived plasma cells are localized in the bone marrow.2,3 Migration of newly formed plasma cells from the lymph nodes and spleen to bone marrow is therefore an important step in the maintenance of a long-term antibody response to a pathogen. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow containing plasma cell ...
... long-lived plasma cells are localized in the bone marrow.2,3 Migration of newly formed plasma cells from the lymph nodes and spleen to bone marrow is therefore an important step in the maintenance of a long-term antibody response to a pathogen. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow containing plasma cell ...
CTLA-4
... Membrane-tethered TGF-β can also mediate suppression by Treg cells in a cellcell contact-dependent manner. TGF-β knock out mice: progressive wasting syndrome and death 2 weeks after birth. ...
... Membrane-tethered TGF-β can also mediate suppression by Treg cells in a cellcell contact-dependent manner. TGF-β knock out mice: progressive wasting syndrome and death 2 weeks after birth. ...
(Poly(I:C)) Induces Stable Maturation of Polyriboinosinic
... Cees J. M. Melief, Anneke Brand and Els Goulmy ...
... Cees J. M. Melief, Anneke Brand and Els Goulmy ...
Origins of antinuclear antibodies
... the Y5 small RNA molecule [26], with which both antigens associate, and autoantibodies to DNA and histones (chromatin) are associated with one another. Thus, the macromolecular complexes illustrated in Figure 13.2C appear to be seen by the immune system as units. This is analogous to the immune resp ...
... the Y5 small RNA molecule [26], with which both antigens associate, and autoantibodies to DNA and histones (chromatin) are associated with one another. Thus, the macromolecular complexes illustrated in Figure 13.2C appear to be seen by the immune system as units. This is analogous to the immune resp ...
Antibody Feedback Regulation
... Murine antibodies: structure and function Antibodies (Abs), or immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins that can be found on the cell surface of B-lymphocytes, where they form the B cell receptor (BCR), or in a soluble form in serum and tissue fluids. An Ab is composed of two identical antigen-binding par ...
... Murine antibodies: structure and function Antibodies (Abs), or immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins that can be found on the cell surface of B-lymphocytes, where they form the B cell receptor (BCR), or in a soluble form in serum and tissue fluids. An Ab is composed of two identical antigen-binding par ...
Regulation of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony
... molecules that function in concert to orchestrate the interactions between numerous participating cell types. Elevated expression of E-selectin, for example, is associated with inflammatory conditions such as a ~ t h m a , rheumatoid ...
... molecules that function in concert to orchestrate the interactions between numerous participating cell types. Elevated expression of E-selectin, for example, is associated with inflammatory conditions such as a ~ t h m a , rheumatoid ...
Cellular Immune Response
... Regulated by T helper cells. Specific interleukins are involved in development of eosinophils and promote development of mast cells. All act to stimulate overproduction of mucus. Basophils and mast cells have highest number of receptors for Fc portion of IgE on surface. ...
... Regulated by T helper cells. Specific interleukins are involved in development of eosinophils and promote development of mast cells. All act to stimulate overproduction of mucus. Basophils and mast cells have highest number of receptors for Fc portion of IgE on surface. ...
Homeostasis and function of T cells in healthy - UvA-DARE
... and differentiation of B cells and they are required for the formation of germinal centers (GCs) 11;12. Expression of CXCR5 and downregulation of CCR7 allows these cells to migrate from the T cell zone to the primary and secondary follicles, where they encounter antigen primed B cells 13;14. Human t ...
... and differentiation of B cells and they are required for the formation of germinal centers (GCs) 11;12. Expression of CXCR5 and downregulation of CCR7 allows these cells to migrate from the T cell zone to the primary and secondary follicles, where they encounter antigen primed B cells 13;14. Human t ...
Infection Leishmania major Immunity Against JNK1 Is Required for T
... from Jnk1⫺/⫺ mice might have some primary defect in their ability to produce NO2⫺, which could account for their failure to resolve an ongoing infection, we measured levels of NO2⫺ release following different types of stimulation. As shown in Fig. 3, macrophages from Jnk1⫺/⫺ were as competent as mac ...
... from Jnk1⫺/⫺ mice might have some primary defect in their ability to produce NO2⫺, which could account for their failure to resolve an ongoing infection, we measured levels of NO2⫺ release following different types of stimulation. As shown in Fig. 3, macrophages from Jnk1⫺/⫺ were as competent as mac ...
... encountered antigen are considered naïve cells. However, once antigen presenting cells (APC’s) or more specifically dendritic cells (another white blood cell derived from the same type of hematopoietic stem cells) encounter antigen in the periphery, they transport from the site of infection through ...
Modulation of cellular innate immune responses by lactobacilli
... like me, that has been studying the effects of lactobacilli on human cells, such a statement comes with a highly personal interpretation. According to Hippocrates, food and medicine is one and the same and used to maintain health. A modern view on such a piece of (functional) food is – that it in ad ...
... like me, that has been studying the effects of lactobacilli on human cells, such a statement comes with a highly personal interpretation. According to Hippocrates, food and medicine is one and the same and used to maintain health. A modern view on such a piece of (functional) food is – that it in ad ...
18 DISEASES CAUSED BY IMMUNE RESPONSES
... autoantibodies, but they may occasionally be produced against a foreign antigen that is immunologically crossreactive with a component of self tissues. Antibodies against tissue antigens cause disease by three main mechanisms (Fig. 18-2). First, antibodies may directly opsonize cells, or they may ac ...
... autoantibodies, but they may occasionally be produced against a foreign antigen that is immunologically crossreactive with a component of self tissues. Antibodies against tissue antigens cause disease by three main mechanisms (Fig. 18-2). First, antibodies may directly opsonize cells, or they may ac ...
The Complement system
... – Cascade is when one reaction triggers another reaction which trigger others and so on. These types of systems can grow exponentially very fast. ...
... – Cascade is when one reaction triggers another reaction which trigger others and so on. These types of systems can grow exponentially very fast. ...
Sniðmát meistaraverkefnis HÍ
... When an APC has engulfed a pathogen in an infected tissue it travels to the draining lymph node and presents the antigen of the pathogen to naïve T-cells. So when an APC has found a lymphocyte in the draining lymph node that has a receptor that can bind to that particular antigen it activates the ly ...
... When an APC has engulfed a pathogen in an infected tissue it travels to the draining lymph node and presents the antigen of the pathogen to naïve T-cells. So when an APC has found a lymphocyte in the draining lymph node that has a receptor that can bind to that particular antigen it activates the ly ...
About and Key Statistics - American Cancer Society
... A related area of research is finding less-toxic treatments that have fewer serious longterm side effects, yet still cure as many patients as possible. New chemotherapy (chemo) combinations of as many as 10 different drugs are being studied. The reasoning behind this approach is that even though mor ...
... A related area of research is finding less-toxic treatments that have fewer serious longterm side effects, yet still cure as many patients as possible. New chemotherapy (chemo) combinations of as many as 10 different drugs are being studied. The reasoning behind this approach is that even though mor ...
Paroxysmal Murine Hemoglobinuria (?): A Model for Human PNH
... together in one special issue of the journal (published ‘to whittle down our rather impressive backlog’ of manuscripts) 3 individual case reports of PNH that ‘evolved’ to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In a second editorial24 in that issue he developed clearly the notion that, although PNH was tradit ...
... together in one special issue of the journal (published ‘to whittle down our rather impressive backlog’ of manuscripts) 3 individual case reports of PNH that ‘evolved’ to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In a second editorial24 in that issue he developed clearly the notion that, although PNH was tradit ...
Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes
... phages, and B cells are able to capture exogenous proteins via endocytic vesicles and through specific cell-surface receptors. For B cells, this process of antigen capture can include the B-cell receptor. The peptides that are derived from these proteins are loaded onto MHC class II molecules in spe ...
... phages, and B cells are able to capture exogenous proteins via endocytic vesicles and through specific cell-surface receptors. For B cells, this process of antigen capture can include the B-cell receptor. The peptides that are derived from these proteins are loaded onto MHC class II molecules in spe ...
The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and
... structures go on to form increasingly larger lymphatic vessels which form co-laterals and have lymph-angions (lymph hearts). The lymphatic system, once thought to be passive, is now known to be an active pumping system with active pumping segments with a function similar to that of peristalsis. Lymp ...
... structures go on to form increasingly larger lymphatic vessels which form co-laterals and have lymph-angions (lymph hearts). The lymphatic system, once thought to be passive, is now known to be an active pumping system with active pumping segments with a function similar to that of peristalsis. Lymp ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.