Listeria monocytogenes T Cells During Murine Infection with +
... While NK cells may produce the bulk of IFN-g initially in a primary LM infection (11, 12), IFN-g is produced earlier and in larger quantities during secondary LM infection (13), and LM-specific Th1 CD41 T cells are probably the major mediators of this recall response (14). While numerous studies hav ...
... While NK cells may produce the bulk of IFN-g initially in a primary LM infection (11, 12), IFN-g is produced earlier and in larger quantities during secondary LM infection (13), and LM-specific Th1 CD41 T cells are probably the major mediators of this recall response (14). While numerous studies hav ...
Expression of Cloned Gene
... solubility by expressing the protein at a lower temperature. Also expression of your target protein as a fusion protein with a highly soluble partner such as glutathione-Stransferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), or DsbA can improve its solubility. Often, however, it is better to change to a ...
... solubility by expressing the protein at a lower temperature. Also expression of your target protein as a fusion protein with a highly soluble partner such as glutathione-Stransferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), or DsbA can improve its solubility. Often, however, it is better to change to a ...
The Role of Enzymes in Maintaining Homeostasis • All enzymes are
... Two examples are: Digestion = to break down ...
... Two examples are: Digestion = to break down ...
Determination of a 17484 bp nucleotide sequence
... has similarity to those of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MtlD) of E. coli (382 aa) and Streptococctls mgtans (357 aa). Therefore, or-1 and or-2 in this DNA region are the counterparts of mtlA and mtlD of E. coli. The two genes seem to correspond to mtlA, the mutants of which lack mannitol tran ...
... has similarity to those of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MtlD) of E. coli (382 aa) and Streptococctls mgtans (357 aa). Therefore, or-1 and or-2 in this DNA region are the counterparts of mtlA and mtlD of E. coli. The two genes seem to correspond to mtlA, the mutants of which lack mannitol tran ...
Proteomics of spermatogenesis: from protein lists to understanding
... and identified 362 differential protein spots corresponding to 257 different proteins involved in the initiation of mouse spermatogenesis. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed six expression patterns, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that each pattern was related to many specific cell processe ...
... and identified 362 differential protein spots corresponding to 257 different proteins involved in the initiation of mouse spermatogenesis. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed six expression patterns, and bioinformatics analysis revealed that each pattern was related to many specific cell processe ...
Relative Requirements for Magnesium of Protein and Chlorophyll
... Mg initially present in the medium, both the rate of growth and total yield, as measured by apparent optical density, are affected (Fig. IA). Provided that exponentially growing cells were used to inoculate the cultures, no lag phase was observed. Protein content Magnesium is among the essential mac ...
... Mg initially present in the medium, both the rate of growth and total yield, as measured by apparent optical density, are affected (Fig. IA). Provided that exponentially growing cells were used to inoculate the cultures, no lag phase was observed. Protein content Magnesium is among the essential mac ...
DNA, RNA, Protein Structure Prediction
... significant sites, patterns and profiles that help to reliably identify to which known protein family (if any) a new sequence belongs. It is based on the observation that, while there is a huge number of different proteins, most of them can be grouped, on the basis of similarities in their sequences ...
... significant sites, patterns and profiles that help to reliably identify to which known protein family (if any) a new sequence belongs. It is based on the observation that, while there is a huge number of different proteins, most of them can be grouped, on the basis of similarities in their sequences ...
Teacher Guide: From DNA to Proteins - RI
... 5. For each type of mutation listed below, describe what happens to change the DNA sequence. substitution – insertion – deletion – 6. Sickle cell disease is an example of a condition that is the result of a substitution mutation. Why do some mutations cause serious conditions while others have no ef ...
... 5. For each type of mutation listed below, describe what happens to change the DNA sequence. substitution – insertion – deletion – 6. Sickle cell disease is an example of a condition that is the result of a substitution mutation. Why do some mutations cause serious conditions while others have no ef ...
Protein Synthesis: Translation
... 3) A transfer RNA with an amino acid is called a charged tRNA. (An enzyme and ATP bind to the correct amino acid to the transfer RNA molecule. At that point it is ready to carry the amino acid to its correct place in the growing polypeptide chain.) ...
... 3) A transfer RNA with an amino acid is called a charged tRNA. (An enzyme and ATP bind to the correct amino acid to the transfer RNA molecule. At that point it is ready to carry the amino acid to its correct place in the growing polypeptide chain.) ...
Teacher Guide DNA to Protein FINAL-FR - RI
... 5. For each type of mutation listed below, describe what happens to change the DNA sequence. substitution – one nucleotide is replaced with another insertion – an extra nucleotide is added into the sequence deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence ...
... 5. For each type of mutation listed below, describe what happens to change the DNA sequence. substitution – one nucleotide is replaced with another insertion – an extra nucleotide is added into the sequence deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence ...
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
... Prokaryotic Operon structure ensures efficient regulation of transcription ...
... Prokaryotic Operon structure ensures efficient regulation of transcription ...
Biochemistry
... (f) Name two structural features that affect the melting point of a fatty acid. (g) Integral membrane proteins are involved in transport of molecules across the cell membrane. Define the terms passive and active transport, and distinguish between ...
... (f) Name two structural features that affect the melting point of a fatty acid. (g) Integral membrane proteins are involved in transport of molecules across the cell membrane. Define the terms passive and active transport, and distinguish between ...
Structure/function relationships of the GLIC channel
... The student will spend roughly half time in Paris and half in Jülich. The Student will finally defend her/his PhD at RWTH-Aachen University. The latter is currently one of the ten German Universities currently part of the so-called “Excellent Initiative” across all of Germany’s Institutions. ...
... The student will spend roughly half time in Paris and half in Jülich. The Student will finally defend her/his PhD at RWTH-Aachen University. The latter is currently one of the ten German Universities currently part of the so-called “Excellent Initiative” across all of Germany’s Institutions. ...
pD861- NH
... The rhaBAD promoter is tightly regulated and tunable. Protein expression levels within each cell can be increased by using higher rhamnose concentrations. This is in contrast to IPTG-inducible systems where a higher IPTG concentration increases the fraction of cells expressing protein rather than th ...
... The rhaBAD promoter is tightly regulated and tunable. Protein expression levels within each cell can be increased by using higher rhamnose concentrations. This is in contrast to IPTG-inducible systems where a higher IPTG concentration increases the fraction of cells expressing protein rather than th ...
BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
... Biological functions of amino acids and their derivatives Porphyrins and ferroporphyrins; structure and functions Corrins and cobalamines; structure, functions and related vitamins Pyridoxal phosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, biotin and lipoic acid; structure, functions and related vitamins ...
... Biological functions of amino acids and their derivatives Porphyrins and ferroporphyrins; structure and functions Corrins and cobalamines; structure, functions and related vitamins Pyridoxal phosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, biotin and lipoic acid; structure, functions and related vitamins ...
Surviving protein quality control catastrophes – from cells to organisms
... (Zoncu et al., 2011). However, mTOR is much more than the molecular switch for autophagy. This kinase is in fact a central regulator of cellular metabolism and senses nutrients, growth factors and energy levels, and adjusts metabolic processes depending on the conditions. When the supply of nutrient ...
... (Zoncu et al., 2011). However, mTOR is much more than the molecular switch for autophagy. This kinase is in fact a central regulator of cellular metabolism and senses nutrients, growth factors and energy levels, and adjusts metabolic processes depending on the conditions. When the supply of nutrient ...
Protein Sequence Databases
... as experimental information, such as unit cell dimensions and angles for x-ray crystallography determined structures. Though most instances, in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein, also contain sequence information and some databases even provide means for ...
... as experimental information, such as unit cell dimensions and angles for x-ray crystallography determined structures. Though most instances, in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein, also contain sequence information and some databases even provide means for ...
MicroReview Expression, secretion and antigenic - UvA-DARE
... the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane. A. hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and C. crescentus strains carrying an S-layer contain homogenouslength O-polysaccharide side-chains, while strains which lack an S-layer are devoid of O-polysaccharide sidechains (Kokka et al., 1990; Walker ...
... the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane. A. hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria and C. crescentus strains carrying an S-layer contain homogenouslength O-polysaccharide side-chains, while strains which lack an S-layer are devoid of O-polysaccharide sidechains (Kokka et al., 1990; Walker ...
Biochem Review, Part I: Protein Structure and Function
... Primary Structure: the sequence of a protein (the AAs it contains and the order they are in. Secondary Structure: regular 3D motifs formed by H-bond interactions between N-H and C=O groups of the peptide backbone. Tertiary Structure: the overall structure of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary St ...
... Primary Structure: the sequence of a protein (the AAs it contains and the order they are in. Secondary Structure: regular 3D motifs formed by H-bond interactions between N-H and C=O groups of the peptide backbone. Tertiary Structure: the overall structure of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary St ...
Adding Protein Context to the Human Protein-Protein
... but the pairs of proteins that interact depends on the type of cell, the subcellular localization and modifications of the participating proteins, among many other factors. Therefore, it is important to understand the specific conditions under which a PPI happens. Unfortunately, experimental methods ...
... but the pairs of proteins that interact depends on the type of cell, the subcellular localization and modifications of the participating proteins, among many other factors. Therefore, it is important to understand the specific conditions under which a PPI happens. Unfortunately, experimental methods ...
teacher notes 9-1-08.qxp
... concepts relating to protein structure and function: • Some, but not all, proteins exhibit quaternary structure. • Some proteins contain non-protein cofactors. •Single bases substitutions in DNA can produce a change in a single amino acid in a protein; sometimes these changes lead to disease. •Other ...
... concepts relating to protein structure and function: • Some, but not all, proteins exhibit quaternary structure. • Some proteins contain non-protein cofactors. •Single bases substitutions in DNA can produce a change in a single amino acid in a protein; sometimes these changes lead to disease. •Other ...
The lac Operon
... Gene Expression Gene expression for all genes falls into one of two categories. constitutive expression – ...
... Gene Expression Gene expression for all genes falls into one of two categories. constitutive expression – ...
START domains in lipid/sterol transfer and signaling in plants
... are unique to plants. Recent genetic analysis of the HD-START transcription factor family from Arabidopsis has revealed roles in development. Strikingly, the corresponding mutant phenotypes are similar to those found in a small set of sterol biosynthesis genes. Thus, START domains in HD transcriptio ...
... are unique to plants. Recent genetic analysis of the HD-START transcription factor family from Arabidopsis has revealed roles in development. Strikingly, the corresponding mutant phenotypes are similar to those found in a small set of sterol biosynthesis genes. Thus, START domains in HD transcriptio ...
Leukaemia Section t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD13 t(2;11)(q31;p15) NUP98/HOXD11 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... NUP98 gene, located on chromosome 11p15, encodes a 98-KD protein a component of nuclear pore complex (NPC). NUP98 is found in the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic domains of the NPC, and functions as a transport co-factor of RNA and protein between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition, NUP98 appear t ...
... NUP98 gene, located on chromosome 11p15, encodes a 98-KD protein a component of nuclear pore complex (NPC). NUP98 is found in the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic domains of the NPC, and functions as a transport co-factor of RNA and protein between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition, NUP98 appear t ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.