Application of a bacterial two-hybrid system for the
... peak sizes of the recombinant proteins could be determined. For the monomers of FmhB, FemA and FemB, the measured molecular masses correlated well with the theoretical values derived from the amino acid sequences, and it was determined that FemA and FemB formed dimers (Fig. 3a, b; Table 3). GST-pull ...
... peak sizes of the recombinant proteins could be determined. For the monomers of FmhB, FemA and FemB, the measured molecular masses correlated well with the theoretical values derived from the amino acid sequences, and it was determined that FemA and FemB formed dimers (Fig. 3a, b; Table 3). GST-pull ...
EMBO_only European Molecular Biology Organization European
... resulting in the phosphorylation and partial activation of AKT. Whereas PDK1 phosphorylates AKT at Thr308, additional phosphorylation at Ser473 by mTORC2 (see below) is necessary for optimal activation of AKT in vitro (Sarbassov et al, 2005). mTORC1 is thought to be activated in part by AKT through ...
... resulting in the phosphorylation and partial activation of AKT. Whereas PDK1 phosphorylates AKT at Thr308, additional phosphorylation at Ser473 by mTORC2 (see below) is necessary for optimal activation of AKT in vitro (Sarbassov et al, 2005). mTORC1 is thought to be activated in part by AKT through ...
Chapter 15: Amines 1. What are the different types of amines? Be
... recognize amino acid structures and illustrate how they are connected in proteins.! 2.! What are the properties of amino acids? Be able to describe how the properties of amino acids depend on their side chains and how their ionic charges vary with pH.! 3.! Why do amino acids have “handedness”? Be ...
... recognize amino acid structures and illustrate how they are connected in proteins.! 2.! What are the properties of amino acids? Be able to describe how the properties of amino acids depend on their side chains and how their ionic charges vary with pH.! 3.! Why do amino acids have “handedness”? Be ...
Recombinant DNA procedures for producing small antimicrobial
... peptides as fusion proteins with the capability of releasing the peptide from the carrier molecule using enzymatic or chemical methods (Table I). Three different fusion protein expression systems were tried in preliminary studies, involving fusions to GST on plasmid pGEX-KP [a derivative of pGEX-3X ...
... peptides as fusion proteins with the capability of releasing the peptide from the carrier molecule using enzymatic or chemical methods (Table I). Three different fusion protein expression systems were tried in preliminary studies, involving fusions to GST on plasmid pGEX-KP [a derivative of pGEX-3X ...
npgrj_nmeth_1134 1..3
... The possibility to specifically regulate a protein of interest in extra- versus intracellular parasites is of importance when proteins with dual functions (for example during host cell invasion and intracellular development of the parasite) need to be analyzed. Next we inoculated parasites expressin ...
... The possibility to specifically regulate a protein of interest in extra- versus intracellular parasites is of importance when proteins with dual functions (for example during host cell invasion and intracellular development of the parasite) need to be analyzed. Next we inoculated parasites expressin ...
Virus-Host Interactions during Movement Processes
... or lesser extent, and to distant parts of the plant through the vascular system. Plant viruses encode one or more nonstructural proteins specifically required for movement within their hosts and many also require their capsid (coat) protein(s). Classically, a viral movement protein (MP) is defined b ...
... or lesser extent, and to distant parts of the plant through the vascular system. Plant viruses encode one or more nonstructural proteins specifically required for movement within their hosts and many also require their capsid (coat) protein(s). Classically, a viral movement protein (MP) is defined b ...
Molecular Characterization of Two Arabidopsis Ire1 Homologs
... condition, BiP represses UPR signaling through the association with the lumenal regions of PERK and IRE1, but the accumulation of mis-folded proteins in the ER relieves this repression by bringing about the release of BiP from the lumenal domains of PERK and IRE1 (Harding et al., 2000). Similar regu ...
... condition, BiP represses UPR signaling through the association with the lumenal regions of PERK and IRE1, but the accumulation of mis-folded proteins in the ER relieves this repression by bringing about the release of BiP from the lumenal domains of PERK and IRE1 (Harding et al., 2000). Similar regu ...
Lecture 3 – Membrane potential
... While this phenomenon is present in all cells, it is especially important in nerve and muscles cells, because changes in their membrane potentials are used to transmit information. When a nerve or muscle cell is at "rest", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane potential. In a typical ...
... While this phenomenon is present in all cells, it is especially important in nerve and muscles cells, because changes in their membrane potentials are used to transmit information. When a nerve or muscle cell is at "rest", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane potential. In a typical ...
CARBS PROTEIN - evolvemindbodysoul
... Carbohydrates are essentially a source of energy but also play a critical role in the proper functioning of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting and human development. A lack of carbohydrates can impair the functioning of these bodily systems. ...
... Carbohydrates are essentially a source of energy but also play a critical role in the proper functioning of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting and human development. A lack of carbohydrates can impair the functioning of these bodily systems. ...
Outer dense fibre protein 2 (ODF2) is a self
... Outer dense fibre protein 2 (ODF2) is a major protein of sperm tail outer dense fibres (Brohmann et al., 1997; Shao et al., 1997; Turner et al., 1997; Schalles et al., 1998). The outer dense fibres (ODF) are prominent sperm tail-specific cytoskeletal structures. They consist of nine fibres that acco ...
... Outer dense fibre protein 2 (ODF2) is a major protein of sperm tail outer dense fibres (Brohmann et al., 1997; Shao et al., 1997; Turner et al., 1997; Schalles et al., 1998). The outer dense fibres (ODF) are prominent sperm tail-specific cytoskeletal structures. They consist of nine fibres that acco ...
Assembly and maintenance of the sarcomere night and day
... angles.3 Unlike the highly organized structure in situ, it was thought that the loss of organization was due to reorganization of the intermediate filament protein desmin, which serves as a connecting network between the myofibrils maintaining the overall architecture.4 However, a recently identified p ...
... angles.3 Unlike the highly organized structure in situ, it was thought that the loss of organization was due to reorganization of the intermediate filament protein desmin, which serves as a connecting network between the myofibrils maintaining the overall architecture.4 However, a recently identified p ...
Chapter 15. Recognition of foreign molecules by the immune system
... Structural details and comparisons of the coreceptor-Lck complexes. In addition to metal coordination, hydrophobic cores stabilize the CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) complexes. In CD4, phosphorylation of Ser 408 (and to a lesser extent Ser415) promotes CD4 internalization. These residues are exposed in the co ...
... Structural details and comparisons of the coreceptor-Lck complexes. In addition to metal coordination, hydrophobic cores stabilize the CD4 (A) and CD8 (B) complexes. In CD4, phosphorylation of Ser 408 (and to a lesser extent Ser415) promotes CD4 internalization. These residues are exposed in the co ...
A GTPase gate for protein import into chloroplasts
... transmembrane kinase, which phosphorylates LuxO (indirectly via LuxU, not shown). LuxO-P indirectly causes induction of a biolumenscence operon, resulting in light production. LuxO can also be phosphorylated by a second kinase, LuxN, in response to a separate pheromone (not shown). ...
... transmembrane kinase, which phosphorylates LuxO (indirectly via LuxU, not shown). LuxO-P indirectly causes induction of a biolumenscence operon, resulting in light production. LuxO can also be phosphorylated by a second kinase, LuxN, in response to a separate pheromone (not shown). ...
A change that makes a polypeptide defective has been discovered
... (B) The third and fourth amino acids will be leucine and alanine instead of phenylalanine and glycine, because the missing nucleotide only affects the third and fourth codons. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that a base deletion will change a codon as well as th ...
... (B) The third and fourth amino acids will be leucine and alanine instead of phenylalanine and glycine, because the missing nucleotide only affects the third and fourth codons. Distractor Rationale: This answer suggests the student may understand that a base deletion will change a codon as well as th ...
Active uptake of cyst nematode parasitism proteins into the plant cell
... parasitism genes (i.e., parasitism proteins), which encompass a variety of cell wall-degrading enzymes as well as proteins that are thought to alter the normal host plant physiology after they have been secreted into the apoplast or into the cytoplasm of plant cells by the nematode (Davis et al., 20 ...
... parasitism genes (i.e., parasitism proteins), which encompass a variety of cell wall-degrading enzymes as well as proteins that are thought to alter the normal host plant physiology after they have been secreted into the apoplast or into the cytoplasm of plant cells by the nematode (Davis et al., 20 ...
CCL5-mediated T-cell chemotaxis involves the initiation of mRNA
... Directed cell migration is a tightly regulated process, critical for numerous biologicl processes including proper tissue development, wound healing, and protection against invading pathogens. Chemokines are soluble, extracellular chemoattractant molecules that play a vital role in many of these bio ...
... Directed cell migration is a tightly regulated process, critical for numerous biologicl processes including proper tissue development, wound healing, and protection against invading pathogens. Chemokines are soluble, extracellular chemoattractant molecules that play a vital role in many of these bio ...
The making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
... hormone (α-MSH). When α-MSH binds to MC1R, MC1R changes its shape, and its intracellular portion binds inactive G protein. The G protein becomes activated by this process and triggers the first step in the transduction pathway. Transduction is a series of intracellular reactions that convert the sig ...
... hormone (α-MSH). When α-MSH binds to MC1R, MC1R changes its shape, and its intracellular portion binds inactive G protein. The G protein becomes activated by this process and triggers the first step in the transduction pathway. Transduction is a series of intracellular reactions that convert the sig ...
A drug-controllable tag for visualizing newly synthesized proteins in
... tag whose presence on new proteins could be induced by the one-time administration of a small-molecule drug to either cells or animals. The strategy we devised was to incorporate a specific protease activity to confer self-removing behavior onto an epitope tag and then to use a corresponding proteas ...
... tag whose presence on new proteins could be induced by the one-time administration of a small-molecule drug to either cells or animals. The strategy we devised was to incorporate a specific protease activity to confer self-removing behavior onto an epitope tag and then to use a corresponding proteas ...
Choosing the Best Kinase Assay to Meet Your Research Needs
... Protein kinases are enzymes capable of transferring the γphosphate group from ATP to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in specific substrate proteins. These phosphorylation events modulate the activity of a vast number of proteins, including ion channels, transcription factors, phosphatases an ...
... Protein kinases are enzymes capable of transferring the γphosphate group from ATP to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in specific substrate proteins. These phosphorylation events modulate the activity of a vast number of proteins, including ion channels, transcription factors, phosphatases an ...
Glutathionylation in the Photosynthetic Model Organism
... in the detoxification of ROS, heavy metals (through phytochelatins), and xenobiotics (through glutathione S-transferases) (2, 4). In addition to these functions, glutathione can form a mixed disulfide bridge between the thiol group of its cysteine and an accessible free thiol on a protein, a reactio ...
... in the detoxification of ROS, heavy metals (through phytochelatins), and xenobiotics (through glutathione S-transferases) (2, 4). In addition to these functions, glutathione can form a mixed disulfide bridge between the thiol group of its cysteine and an accessible free thiol on a protein, a reactio ...
Diversity and Formation of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... et al., 2001). All the compartments that have been characterized share three common features: (1) The ER-derived compartments accumulate a large amount of a single protein or only a few different proteins. (2) The protein components do not act within the compartments, even if they are functional pro ...
... et al., 2001). All the compartments that have been characterized share three common features: (1) The ER-derived compartments accumulate a large amount of a single protein or only a few different proteins. (2) The protein components do not act within the compartments, even if they are functional pro ...
Chlamydia pneumoniae CdsQ functions as a multi
... the inclusion, the EB undergoes a transformation, differentiating into the metabolically active form, the reticulate body (RB) which becomes associated with the inclusion membrane, possibly interacting with the host cell cytoplasm via the T3S apparatus [19, 20]. As the RBs replicate by binary fissio ...
... the inclusion, the EB undergoes a transformation, differentiating into the metabolically active form, the reticulate body (RB) which becomes associated with the inclusion membrane, possibly interacting with the host cell cytoplasm via the T3S apparatus [19, 20]. As the RBs replicate by binary fissio ...
Exit from dormancy in microbial organisms
... bacterial protein Y (pY) family of proteins — for example, E. coli ribosome-associated inhibition factor A (RaiA) — bind 70S ribosomes and prevent disassembly of the 70S complex 57. This has the effect of forming pools of idle 70S ribosomes and therefore reducing the translational capacity of the ce ...
... bacterial protein Y (pY) family of proteins — for example, E. coli ribosome-associated inhibition factor A (RaiA) — bind 70S ribosomes and prevent disassembly of the 70S complex 57. This has the effect of forming pools of idle 70S ribosomes and therefore reducing the translational capacity of the ce ...
Review Article
... Progress through START A requires functioning of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway, which regulates the production of cyclic AMP (CAMP).In budding yeast, the proteins encoded by the RASl and RAS2 genes are required to maintain the activity of adenylate cyclase, encoded by CDC35, at levels sufficient ...
... Progress through START A requires functioning of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway, which regulates the production of cyclic AMP (CAMP).In budding yeast, the proteins encoded by the RASl and RAS2 genes are required to maintain the activity of adenylate cyclase, encoded by CDC35, at levels sufficient ...
The Role of F-Box Proteins during Viral Infection
... regulators of cell cycle progression, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In mammals, where the process is better understood, many FBPs, such as SKP2, FBXW7 and β-TrCP have a crucial function in controlling the passage of one mitotic phase to the next [24,25]. The S-phase kinase-ass ...
... regulators of cell cycle progression, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In mammals, where the process is better understood, many FBPs, such as SKP2, FBXW7 and β-TrCP have a crucial function in controlling the passage of one mitotic phase to the next [24,25]. The S-phase kinase-ass ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.